Review Article

Neuropharmacological Potential and Delivery Prospects of Thymoquinone for Neurological Disorders

Table 1

Potential activities of TQ in PD model.

ModelDosesMechanistic actionsReferences

MPP+ and rotenone toxicities in dopaminergic neurons0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μMIncreases the number of THir compared with untreated control cultures[94]
MPP+ toxicity in dopaminergic neurons0.1 and 1 μMDecreases the number of dopaminergic neurons and increases the release of LDH primary mesencephalic culture by enhancing lysosomal degradation that clears damaged mitochondria and inhibits mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death[95]
6-OHDA-induced PD model5 and/or 10 mg/kgSignificantly improves turning behavior, prevents loss of SNPC neurons, and lowers the level of MDA[96]
Rotenone-induced PD model7.5 and 15 mg/kgSignificantly prevents rotenone-induced motor defects and modifications in the Parkin, Drp1, dopamine, and TH concentrations[97]

MPP+: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; THir: tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MDA: malondialdehyde; SNpc: substantia nigra pars compacta; Drp1: dynamin-related protein 1; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase.