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Organs or systems | Animal models | Reference | Mechanism |
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Liver | (1) Carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury | Yao et al. [16] | MS may activate the PI3K-AKT-GSK-3β pathway to induce IL-10 expression and produce anti-inflammatory effects via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways Inflammatory cytokine: IL-6\TNF-α\IL-1β\IFN-γ\ICAM-1\CXCL1 ↓ IL-10 ↑ Inflammatory signal pathway: NF-κB\p65\ERK\JNK\MAPK\P38 ↓ |
(2) Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis | He et al. [19] | Oxidant: MDA\8-OHdG ↓ Antioxidant: SOD\CAT ↑ Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IFN-γ\IL-6\IL-1β ↓ IL-10 ↑ Inflammatory signal pathway: IκB\NF-κB\P38\MAPK ↓ |
(3) Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury | Ye et al. [24] | Oxidant: MDA\8-OHdG ↓ Antioxidant: SOD ↑ Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-6 ↓ Apoptosis: caspase-3 ↓ |
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Lung | (4) Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury | Sun et al. [27] | Oxidant: MDA ↓ Antioxidant: SOD ↑ Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-6 ↓ Apoptosis: TUNEL staining cells ↓ |
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Central nervous system | (5) Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury | Wang et al. [35] | MS increases the expression of Nrf2 and downstream HO-1, SOD, catalase, and GSH, inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokine, oxidative products, and glial activation. Oxidant: MDA\3-NT\GSSG\H2O2 ↓ Antioxidant: HO-1\SOD\catalase\GSH ↑ Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-1β\ICAM-1\CXCL1\MPO ↓ Inflammatory signal pathway: NF-κB\p65 ↓ Apoptosis: caspase-9\caspase-3\MMP9 ↓ Nrf2 ↑ |
(6) Acute carbon monoxide poisoning injury | Shen et al. [30] | Oxidant: MDA\3-NT\8-OHdG ↓ Antioxidant: SOD ↑ Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-1β ↓ Apoptosis: caspase-9\caspase-3\MMP9 ↓ |
(7) Spinal cord injury | Wang et al. [10] | Oxidant: MDA ↓ Antioxidant: SOD ↑ Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-6\IL-1β ↓ Apoptosis: TUNEL staining cells\caspase-3 ↓ |
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Immune system | (8) Endotoxin shock Bacteria-induced sepsis dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis in mice | Zhang et al. [36] | MS limits LPS-induced NF-κB/MAPK signal in macrophages and suppress immune response in mice by enhancing PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β-mediated IL-10 expression Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-6\IL-1β ↓ IL-10 ↑ |
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Eye | (9) Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury | Liu et al. [41] | Oxidant: MDA\4-HNE\8-OHdG ↓ Antioxidant: SOD\CAT\GPX ↑ Apoptosis-related genes: bcl2 ↑ Bax ↓ Apoptosis: caspase-9\caspase-3\MMP9 ↓ |
(10) Diabetic retinopathy | Wu et al. [61] | Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-1β\VEGF\GFAP ↓ Apoptosis-related miRNA: miR-192-5p ↓ Oxidant-related miRNA: miR-335 ↓ |
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Motor system | (11) One-time exhaustive exercise | Xin et al. [47] | Injury-related biomarker: CK\UN ↓ Antioxidant: T-AOC ↑ Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-1β\IL-6 ↓ IL-10 ↑ |
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Cardiovascular system | (12) Myocardial ischemia injury | Chen et al. [9] | Oxidant: MDA\8-OHdG ↓ Antioxidant: SOD\GSH ↑ Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-1β\MPO ↓ Apoptosis-related pathways: Bcl-2/Bax\ASK-1/JNK Apoptosis: caspase-9\caspase-3\Bax ↓ |
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Skin | (13) Skin flap ischemia/reperfusion injury | Song et al. [50] | Apoptosis-related pathways: Bcl-2/Bax\ASK-1/JNK Apoptosis: caspase-9\caspase-3\Bax\JNK\ASK-1 ↓ Bcl-2 ↑ |
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Gastrointestinal system | (14) Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury | Boros et al. [8] | Oxidant: MPO\SOX ↓ NOx ↑ |
(15) Acute pancreatitis | Xie et al. [58] | Inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α\IL-6\IFN-γ\IL-10 ↓ Oxidant: MDA ↓ Antioxidant: SOD ↑ |
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