Emodin, Physcion, and Crude Extract of Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens Induce Mixed Cell Death, Increase in Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inhibition of AKT in Cervical and Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines

Figure 1

Cell death analysis in SiHa cells. Cytomorphological viability assay for (a) EERs, (c) HFRs, (e) emodin, and (g) physcion. Annexin-V assay for (b) EERs, (d) HFRs, (f) emodin, and (h) physcion. Comparison with significant statistical difference between treatments: vehicle (); doxorubicin (d); curcumin (c); EERs: 25 μg/mL (e1); EERs: 50 μg/mL (e2); EERs: 100 μg/mL (e3); HFRs: 25 μg/mL (h1); HFRs: 50 μg/mL (h2); HFRs: 100 μg/mL (h3); emodin: 46.3 μM (n1); emodin: 92.8 μM (n2); emodin: 185.0 μM (n3); physcion: 43.8 μM (p1); physcion: 87.5 μM (p2); physcion: 175.0 μM (p3); and cell status: early apoptosis, late apoptosis, and necrosis. Results are expressed as mean of three independent error (), analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s pos-ttest, .

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