NRF2 Activation Inhibits Both TGF-β1- and IL-13-Mediated Periostin Expression in Fibroblasts: Benefit of Cinnamaldehyde for Antifibrotic Treatment

Figure 1

Activation of the NRF2/HMOX1 and NQO-1 pathway by cinnamaldehyde. (a) Effects of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on the viability of NHDFs. (b) NHDF cells were treated with DMSO (control) or CIN (25 μM) for 3 h and fixed. Cells were then stained with the anti-NRF2 antibody or control IgG (green) and DAPI (blue) and visualized by fluorescence microscopy. (c–e) NHDF cells were treated with DMSO (control) or CIN (25 μM) for 6 h, after which total RNA was extracted. (c) NRF2 mRNA expression, (d) HMOX1 mRNA expression, and (e) NQO1 mRNA expression are depicted. (f) NHDF cells were treated with 100% ethanol (control) or CIN (25 μM) for 24 h, after which whole cell lysates were extracted. The expression of HMOX1, NQO1, and GAPDH was depicted. The values were adjusted by GAPDH expression. The same experiments were performed three times. , . NS: not significant.

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