Multifunctional Phytocompounds in Cotoneaster Fruits: Phytochemical Profiling, Cellular Safety, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects in Chemical and Human Plasma Models In Vitro

Table 4

Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, and TBARS tests) of the Cotoneaster fruits and standard antioxidants.

Fruit sample/standard	TPC^a; (mg GAE/g)	Radical scavenging activity DPPH^b		Reducing power^c		LA-peroxidation TBARS^d
		EC50; (μg/mL)	TE; (μmol TE/g)	FRAP; (mmol Fe^2+/g)	TE; (μmol TE/g)	IC50; (μg/mL)	TE; (μmol TE/g)
C. lucidus	28.70 ± 1.01^B	123.41 ± 1.70^E	122.75 ± 1.69^C	0.70 ± 0.01^B	257.22 ± 4.96^B,C	108.70 ± 4.11^F	314.84 ± 6.03^C
C. divaricatus	29.71 ± 0.91^B	91.47 ± 2.01^C	165.58 ± 3.62^D	0.76 ± 0.01^C	281.61 ± 4.43^C	83.16 ± 0.58^D	406.94 ± 1.43^D
C. horizontalis	30.50 ± 0.72^B	93.32 ± 1.90^C	162.38 ± 3.31^D	0.85 ± 0.01^D	322.75 ± 4.06^D	84.89 ± 2.11^D	401.23 ± 5.03^D
C. nanshan	26.02 ± 0.74^A	178.35 ± 2.81^F	84.91 ± 1.33^B	0.61 ± 0.01^A	213.41 ± 4.42^A	165.76 ± 3.74^G	205.30 ± 2.33^B
C. hjelmqvistii	43.50 ± 1.21^D	64.51 ± 0.84^B	234.84 ± 2.91^E,F	1.05 ± 0.02^F	414.38 ± 11.14^F,G	62.96 ± 1.10^C	532.92 ± 4.63^E,F
C. dielsianus	31.02 ± 1.02^B	117.10 ± 2.40^D	129.37 ± 2.65^C	0.67 ± 0.03^B	240.90 ± 13.83^A,B	103.72 ± 2.58^E	322.66 ± 3.98^C
C. splendens	38.51 ± 0.81^C	67.15 ± 1.80^B	225.49 ± 6.04^E	0.98 ± 0.01^E	383.06 ± 6.24^E,F	66.21 ± 2.94^C	518.18 ± 11.79^E
C. bullatus	37.31 ± 0.80^C	66.31 ± 1.70^B	228.54 ± 5.86^E	0.97 ± 0.01^E	378.87 ± 2.90^E	64.99 ± 1.55^C	523.90 ± 6.30^E,F
C. zabelii	43.02 ± 1.11^D	62.93 ± 1.91^B	240.93 ± 7.28^F	1.09 ± 0.04^G	434.27 ± 20.50^G	62.54 ± 1.32^C	543.86 ± 5.76^F
QU	—	1.70 ± 0.11^A	8.96 ± 0.58^A	31.20 ± 0.98^K	11878.15 ± 15.20^J	1.85 ± 0.12^A	18.37 ± 1.69^A
BHA	—	2.90 ± 0.15^A	5.24 ± 0.27^A	16.14 ± 0.77^I	7726.31 ± 10.52^H	3.16 ± 0.22^A	10.76 ± 1.06^A
BHT	—	6.50 ± 0.13^A	2.34 ± 0.05^A	18.89 ± 0.45^J	9247.66 ± 12.30^I	9.31 ± 0.16^B	3.64 ± 0.09^A
TX	—	3.80 ± 0.20^A	—	9.34 ± 0.35^H	—	8.47 ± 0.45^B	—

^a–dResults expressed as means ± SD calculated per dw of the plant material (); different capital letters within the same row indicate significant differences at in HSD Tukey’s test. ^aTotal phenolic content (TPC), expressed in gallic acid equivalents (GAE). ^bScavenging efficiency in the DPPH test, the amount of the plant materials or standards required for 50% reduction of the initial DPPH concentration expressed as EC₅₀, effective concentration. ^cFerric reducing antioxidant power. ^dAbility to inhibit linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation monitored by TBARS test and expressed as IC₅₀, concentration of plant materials or standards needed to decrease the LA-peroxidation by 50%; TE, Trolox® equivalent antioxidant activity. Standards: QU, quercetin; BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; TX, Trolox®.