|
| Subjects (study) | Treatment | Outcomes [ref.] |
|
| Healthy (RCT) | β-Carotene (15–120 mg), 4–7 wk | ↔ lymphocyte proliferation [153], ROS production [154] |
| ↑ DTH (30 mg) versus control (↓ after UV exposure response only in the placebo group) [155] |
|
| Elderly (RCT) | β-Carotene (8.2, 30, 50, and 90 mg), 3–6 wk to 10–12 y | ↑ DTH (30 mg) versus control (↓ after UV exposure response only in the placebo group) [156] |
| ↑ NK activity [157] |
| ↔ production of IL-12 and IFN-γ (50, 90 mg) [157] |
| ↔ DTH (50 and 90 mg), production of IL-2 [158], and lymphocyte proliferation [158, 159] |
|
| Smokers (RCT) | β-Carotene (40 mg), 4 and 6 wk | ↓ ROS production [160] |
|
| Type 2 diabetes (RCT) | Lycopene (10 mg/d), 8 wk | ↔ DHT [161, 162] |
|
| Elderly (RCT) | Lycopene (13.3 mg), 12 wk | ↔ lymphocyte proliferation [159] |
|
| Elderly (RCT) | Mixed supplement | |
| β-Carotene (0.75 mg), vitamin C (90 mg), and vitamin E (20 mg), 1 y | ↑ DHT [163] |
| β-Carotene (6 mg), vitamin C (120 mg), and vitamin E (15 mg), 1–2 y | ↔ DHT [164], lymphocyte proliferation [165] |
|
| Healthy (RCT) | Mixed supplement | |
| β-Carotene (12 mg), vitamin E (288 mg), and vitamin C (375 mg), 6 and 10 wk | ↑ DTH [166] |
| ↔ lymphocyte proliferation, ROS production [166] |
| ↔ DHT [167] |
| β-Carotene (30 mg), lycopene (15 mg), and lutein (9 mg), 5 wk | ↓ IL-2 [167] and ROS [167, 168] production versus depletion (↑) |
|
| Healthy (RCT/longitudinal) | Carrot juice (330 mL, 21.6–27.1 mg β-carotene, and 13.1–15.7 mg α-carotene), 2 wk | ↑ TNF-α versus depletion (arm carrot juice-tomato juice, arm tomato juice-carrot juice) [169] |
| ↑ IL-2 versus depletion (arm carrot juice-tomato juice) [169] |
| ↔ lymphocyte proliferation and IL-4 production [169, 170] |
| ↑ NK activity [169] |
|
| Healthy (longitudinal) | Dried spinach powder 10 g (11.3 mg lutein and 3.1 mg β-carotene), 2 wk | ↔ lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 and IL-4 production [170] |
|
| Healthy (RCT/longitudinal) | Tomato-based drink (Lyc-o-Mato) (5.7 mg lycopene, 1 mg β-carotene, and 1.8 mg α-tocopherol), 26 days Tomato juice (330 mL, 37.0–40 mg lycopene and 1.5 mg β-carotene), 2 wk | ↓ TNF-α production [171] |
| ↔ IFN-γ production (versus baseline, ↑ in placebo versus baseline) [171] |
| ↔ lymphocyte proliferation [169, 170], IL-2 and IL-4 production [169] |
| ↑ TNF-α versus depletion (arm tomato juice-carrot juice) [169] |
| ↑ IL-2 and IL-4 production versus depletion (↑) [170], |
| ↑ NK activity [169] |
|
| Elderly (RCT) | Tomato juice (330 mL, 47.1 mg lycopene), 8 wk | ↔ DTH, lymphocyte proliferation [172] |
| ↓ IL-2 production (versus baseline, ns versus water) [172] |
| ↑ activity of NK, IL-4, and TNF-α production (versus baseline, ns versus water) [172] |
|
| Healthy (RCT) | Vegetables and fruit: 2, 5, or 8 servings/d, 4 wk | ↔ NK activity, IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α production, lymphocyte proliferation [173] |
|
