Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Tumor Microenvironment Transformation: The Mechanism of Radioresistant Gastric Cancer

Figure 2

ROS mediate TME alterations. ROS can activate TNF-α, TGF-β, MAPK, NOX3, and NF-κB signaling pathways and promote the release of inflammatory factors TNF, NOX2, IL-6, IL-2, IL-8, and CXCL12, leading to tumor microenvironment changes and the development of tumors.