Biological Activities, Health Benefits, and Therapeutic Properties of Avenanthramides: From Skin Protection to Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases

Table 1

Antioxidant activity of natural, synthetic, and recombinant avenanthramides.

Year	Compound	Effects	Ref.
1937	Oat flour	Food preservation from oxidative deterioration	[42, 43]
1987	Tranilast	Reduction of intracellular levels of ROS, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH^•)	[51]
2003	Avns	Antioxidant activity demonstrated by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant potential), and linoleic acid assays	[20, 24, 28]
2003	Avn-C	Upregulation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and attenuation of exercise-induced ROS production and lipid peroxidation in the heart and skeletal muscles of rats	[19]
2004	Supplementation of Avn-enriched extract of oats	Interaction with vitamin C to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation	[22]
2007	Consumption of Avn-enriched extract of oats	Antioxidant activity in humans: increase of the plasma-reduced glutathione level after consumption	[21]
2010	Avn-rich extract from oat	Effective against D-galactose-induced oxidative stress	[48]
2010	YAvns	Reduction of intracellular ROS levels in a cellular model of CCM disease	[39]
2015	YAvns	Upregulation of FOXO1 and SOD2 expressions in a cellular model of CCM disease	[40]
2015	Avns	Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in both a dose- and time-dependent manner mediated by Nrf2 translocation	[50]
2017	YAvns	Antioxidant effects in a mouse model of CCM disease	[41]
2018	Natural and synthetic Avns	Antioxidant effects on CaCo-2 and Hep3B cancer cells	[83]

Avns: avenanthramides; FOXO1: forkhead box protein O1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD2: superoxide dismutase 2; YAvns: yeast avenanthramides.