Biological Activities, Health Benefits, and Therapeutic Properties of Avenanthramides: From Skin Protection to Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases

Table 2

Anti-inflammatory activity of natural, synthetic, and recombinant avenanthramides.

Year	Compound	Effects	Ref.
1997	Tranilast	Inhibition of COX-2 and iNOS expression	[56]
2002	Tranilast	Inhibition of cytokine-induced NF-κB activation	[16]
2004	Avn-enriched extract of oats	Inhibition of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion and ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin expression	[29]
2008	CH3-Avn-C	Reduction of mRNA expression and secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 and inhibition of IL-1β- and TNFα-stimulated NF-κB activation in endothelial cells	[26]
2008	Avns	Inhibition of TNF-induced NF-κB activity and reduction of IL-8 release keratinocites. Putative anti-itching activity	[29]
2008	Avns	Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induced NF-κB luciferase activity and subsequent reduction of interleukin-8 (IL-8)	[16]
2014	Avn-based diet supplementation	Attenuation of exercise-induced inflammation	[53]
2015	Avn-enriched oat bran	Modulation of specific biomarkers of inflammation in older, overweight, or obese adults	[82]
2017	YAvns	Inhibition of NF-κB and rescue of inflammatory phenotypes in cellular and mouse models of CCM disease	[41]
2017	DH Avn-D	Interaction with the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), inhibition of mast cell degranulation, and reduction of the secretion of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6)	[52]
2018	Natural and synthetic Avns	Anti-inflammatory effects on CaCo-2 and Hep3B cancer cells	[83]

Avns: avenanthramides; CCM: cerebral cavernous malformation; CH₃-Avn-C: methyl ester of Avn-C; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; DH Avn-D: dihydro-avenanthramide D; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MCP-1: monocytic chemotactic protein-1; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; YAvns: yeast avenanthramides.