Biological Activities, Health Benefits, and Therapeutic Properties of Avenanthramides: From Skin Protection to Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases

Table 3

Antiproliferative activity of natural, synthetic, and recombinant avenanthramides.

Year	Compound	Effects	Ref.
1994–1996	Tranilast	Blockage of PDGF-induced cell-cycle progression at the G1/S checkpoint, inhibition of VSMC proliferation, and suppression of intimal hyperplasia after photochemically induced endothelial injury in the rat	[31]
1994–1997	Tranilast	Proposed as a putative therapeutic agent for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with neovascularization, such as diabetic retinopathy, senile discoid macular degeneration, neovascular glaucoma, and rheumatoid arthritis	[59–62]
2001	Tranilast	Inhibition of migration and invasiveness of human malignant glioma cells	[37]
2002	Tranilast	Inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis	[58]
2003	Tranilast	Inhibition of oral squamous cell carcinoma growth and invasion	[76]
2006	Avn-C and CH3-Avn-C	Inhibition of VSMC proliferation	[31]
2006	Avn-C	Inhibition of SMC proliferation by upregulating the p53-p21cip1 pathway and inhibiting pRB phosphorylation	[30, 31]
2009	Tranilast	Inhibition of human prostate adenocarcinoma cell proliferation	[74]
2009	Tranilast	Inhibition of neurofibroma cell growth	[81]
2010	Tranilast	Effectiveness in the treatment of desmoid tumor of the chest wall and inhibition of breast cancer stem cells	[73]
2010	Tranilast	Inhibition of murine and human breast cancer cell proliferation and migration	[79, 80]
2010	Avn-enriched extracts of oats, Avn-C, and CH3-Avn-C	Antiproliferative effects on distinct colon cancer cell lines	[25]
2011	DH Avn-D	Inhibition of human breast cancer cell invasion through downregulation of MAPK/NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 pathways and suppression of MMP-9 expression	[32]
2015	YAvns	Stronger antiproliferative properties than natural Avns, including Avn-B, due to enhanced capacity of reducing intracellular ROS levels and cyclin D1 expression	[40]
2017	Avns	Antiproliferative effect on breast cancer cells through an antiapoptotic mechanism as revealed by annexin V and caspase activities	[57]
2018	Natural and synthetic Avns	Cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects on CaCo-2 and Hep3B cancer cells	[83]

Avns: avenanthramides; CH₃-Avn-C: methyl ester of Avn-C; DH Avn-D: dihydro-avenanthramide D; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells; YAvns: yeast avenanthramides.