The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of Congenital Malformations

Table 1

Summary of the markers investigating in relation to oxidative damage in Down syndrome.


Marker	DS cell/tissue	Level

SOD1	Erythrocytes	Increased
	B- and T-lymphocytes	Increased
	Fibroblasts	Increased
	Whole blood	Increased activity

Peroxiredoxin 2	Fetal brain	Decreased

CAT	Whole blood	Increased activity

Protein carbonyls	Whole blood	Increased
	Amniotic fluid	Increased

Total Glutathione GSSG	Amniotic fluid	Increased
		Increased
Trx
		Decreased

ROS	Primary human cortical cell cultures	Increased

Lipid peroxidation	Primary human cortical cell cultures	Increased

BACH1 protein	Frontal cortex tissue	Increased

Aβ40 and Aβ42	Plasma	Increased

CRB	Brain	Increased

GSH	Whole blood	Decreased

HNE-protein adducts	Amniotic fluid	Increased

HSP 70 Grp 78 HO-1	Amniotic fluid	Increased