The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions

Figure 2

The mechanisms of Mn in metabolic diseases via oxidative stress. (a) Mn deficiency will cause a number of detrimental effects, such as impaired growth, poor bone formation and skeletal defects, reduced fertility and birth defects, abnormal glucose tolerance, and altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in both animals and humans. Therefore, Mn deficiency might lead to mitochondrial dysfunction or disorder via decreasing MnSOD level and altering lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (b) Mn overloaded may disrupt normal mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial ROS, inhibiting ATP production, and altering membrane permeability; further result in mitochondrial dysfunction or disorder; and finally cause MetS or metabolic diseases. Excessive ROS and oxidative stress would lead to MetS or metabolic diseases directly. If MetS or metabolic diseases happen, it will in turn increase ROS production and oxidative stress and accelerate mitochondrial dysfunction or disorder.