Clinical Study

Urinary Mitochondrial DNA Identifies Renal Dysfunction and Mitochondrial Damage in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Table 1

Demographic and clinical variables and outcomes of patients stratified by the presence of AKI.

ParametersSepsis patients enrolled in SICU value
All ()No AKI ()AKI ()

Demographic data
 Age, mean (SD), y51.3 ± 14.651.2 ± 14.551.4 ± 14.90.946
 Male, n (%)82 (78.1%)38 (71.7%)44 (84.6%)0.110
 BMI, mean (SD)21.2 ± 3.021.1 ± 2.821.2 ± 3.20.628
Primary disease, n (%)0.649
 Traffic accident8 (7.6%)3 (5.6%)5 (9.6%)
 Injury13 (12.4%)5 (9.4%)8 (15.4%)
 Surgical complication78 (74.3%)42 (79.3%)36 (69.2%)
 Others6 (5.7%)3 (5.7%)3 (5.8%)
Comorbidity, n (%)
 Hypertension19 (18.1%)11 (20.8%)8 (15.4%)0.475
 Diabetes mellitus12 (11.4%)5 (9.4%)7 (13.5%)0.517
 Cardiovascular disease5 (4.8%)3 (5.7%)2 (3.8%)0.663
Site of infections, n (%)0.903
 Abdominal51 (48.6%)27 (50.9%)24 (46.2%)
 Pulmonary25 (23.8%)11 (20.8%)14 (26.9%)
 Urinary6 (5.7%)3 (5.7%)3 (5.8%)
 Others23 (21.9%)12 (22.6%)11 (21.1%)
ICU admission
 APACHE II score, mean (SD)13.8 ± 5.312.2 ± 3.415.5 ± 6.40.001
 SOFA score, mean (SD)9.1 ± 3.88.1 ± 2.710.1 ± 4.50.006
 Mechanical ventilation, n (%)40 (38.1%)15 (28.3%)25 (48.1%)0.037
 Leukocyte count, mean (SD), ×109/L14.7 ± 2.114.4 ± 1.815.1 ± 2.30.086
 CRP, mean (SD), mg/L72.1 ± 30.268.6 ± 25.275.6 ± 38.70.276
 PCT, mean (SD), ng/mL4.0 ± 1.73.7 ± 1.44.3 ± 1.60.043
 IL-6, mean (SD), pg/mL197.5 ± 85.4177.2 ± 77.8218.2 ± 95.30.017
 Plasma sodium, mean (SD), mmol/L140.5 ± 6.2141.1 ± 6.9139.8 ± 5.80.299
 Plasma potassium, mean (SD), mmol/L4.2 ± 1.14.3 ± 1.24.1 ± 0.90.336
 Lactate, mean (SD), mmol/L2.3 ± 1.52.1 ± 1.12.6 ± 1.90.104
 eGRF, median (IQR)59.6 [32.0–92.5]73.3 [49.0–114.0]42.4 [22.1–77.0]<0.001
 Plasma creatinine, median (IQR), μmol/L81.0 [116.0–177.0]90.0 [70–129.0]151.0 [96.0–287.0]<0.001
 Urinary NGAL, median (IQR), ng/mL60.3 [44.6–82.1]50.3 [39.4–66.2]74.0 [52.3–92.9]<0.001
 Urinary KIM-1, median (IQR), ng/mL1642.0 [1198.5–1819.7]1236.1 [1060.8–1604.6]1615.3 [1241.3–1294.5]0.001
Outcomes
 Septic shock18 (17.1%)5 (9.4%)13 (25%)0.34
 Receiving RRT, n (%)19 (18.1%)0(%)19 (28.8%)<0.001
 Hospital LOS, mean (SD), d23.7 ± 8.721.2 ± 6.726.1 ± 9.80.003
 Hospital mortality, n (%)18 (17.1%)5 (9.4%)13 (25%)0.34

BMI: body mass index; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; CRP: C-reaction protein; PCT: procalcitonin; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration; LOS: length of stay. Injury includes gunshot, falling, cuts, and bruising; Patients who developed into intra-abdominal infection after elective surgery were categorized as having surgical complication.