Urinary Mitochondrial DNA Identifies Renal Dysfunction and Mitochondrial Damage in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Table 1
Demographic and clinical variables and outcomes of patients stratified by the presence of AKI.
Parameters
Sepsis patients enrolled in SICU
value
All ()
No AKI ()
AKI ()
Demographic data
Age, mean (SD), y
51.3 ± 14.6
51.2 ± 14.5
51.4 ± 14.9
0.946
Male, n (%)
82 (78.1%)
38 (71.7%)
44 (84.6%)
0.110
BMI, mean (SD)
21.2 ± 3.0
21.1 ± 2.8
21.2 ± 3.2
0.628
Primary disease, n (%)
0.649
Traffic accident
8 (7.6%)
3 (5.6%)
5 (9.6%)
Injury
13 (12.4%)
5 (9.4%)
8 (15.4%)
Surgical complication
78 (74.3%)
42 (79.3%)
36 (69.2%)
Others
6 (5.7%)
3 (5.7%)
3 (5.8%)
Comorbidity, n (%)
Hypertension
19 (18.1%)
11 (20.8%)
8 (15.4%)
0.475
Diabetes mellitus
12 (11.4%)
5 (9.4%)
7 (13.5%)
0.517
Cardiovascular disease
5 (4.8%)
3 (5.7%)
2 (3.8%)
0.663
Site of infections, n (%)
0.903
Abdominal
51 (48.6%)
27 (50.9%)
24 (46.2%)
Pulmonary
25 (23.8%)
11 (20.8%)
14 (26.9%)
Urinary
6 (5.7%)
3 (5.7%)
3 (5.8%)
Others
23 (21.9%)
12 (22.6%)
11 (21.1%)
ICU admission
APACHE II score, mean (SD)
13.8 ± 5.3
12.2 ± 3.4
15.5 ± 6.4
0.001
SOFA score, mean (SD)
9.1 ± 3.8
8.1 ± 2.7
10.1 ± 4.5
0.006
Mechanical ventilation, n (%)
40 (38.1%)
15 (28.3%)
25 (48.1%)
0.037
Leukocyte count, mean (SD), ×109/L
14.7 ± 2.1
14.4 ± 1.8
15.1 ± 2.3
0.086
CRP, mean (SD), mg/L
72.1 ± 30.2
68.6 ± 25.2
75.6 ± 38.7
0.276
PCT, mean (SD), ng/mL
4.0 ± 1.7
3.7 ± 1.4
4.3 ± 1.6
0.043
IL-6, mean (SD), pg/mL
197.5 ± 85.4
177.2 ± 77.8
218.2 ± 95.3
0.017
Plasma sodium, mean (SD), mmol/L
140.5 ± 6.2
141.1 ± 6.9
139.8 ± 5.8
0.299
Plasma potassium, mean (SD), mmol/L
4.2 ± 1.1
4.3 ± 1.2
4.1 ± 0.9
0.336
Lactate, mean (SD), mmol/L
2.3 ± 1.5
2.1 ± 1.1
2.6 ± 1.9
0.104
eGRF, median (IQR)
59.6 [32.0–92.5]
73.3 [49.0–114.0]
42.4 [22.1–77.0]
<0.001
Plasma creatinine, median (IQR), μmol/L
81.0 [116.0–177.0]
90.0 [70–129.0]
151.0 [96.0–287.0]
<0.001
Urinary NGAL, median (IQR), ng/mL
60.3 [44.6–82.1]
50.3 [39.4–66.2]
74.0 [52.3–92.9]
<0.001
Urinary KIM-1, median (IQR), ng/mL
1642.0 [1198.5–1819.7]
1236.1 [1060.8–1604.6]
1615.3 [1241.3–1294.5]
0.001
Outcomes
Septic shock
18 (17.1%)
5 (9.4%)
13 (25%)
0.34
Receiving RRT, n (%)
19 (18.1%)
0(%)
19 (28.8%)
<0.001
Hospital LOS, mean (SD), d
23.7 ± 8.7
21.2 ± 6.7
26.1 ± 9.8
0.003
Hospital mortality, n (%)
18 (17.1%)
5 (9.4%)
13 (25%)
0.34
BMI: body mass index; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; CRP: C-reaction protein; PCT: procalcitonin; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration; LOS: length of stay. Injury includes gunshot, falling, cuts, and bruising; Patients who developed into intra-abdominal infection after elective surgery were categorized as having surgical complication.