Nationwide follow-up cohort study (2,729,308 children born in Denmark 1968-2007; 3,395,166 born between 1973 and 2006 in Sweden) 1,505,938 children experienced bereavement, and 9,823 were diagnosed with cancer before the age of 15 years
Started from birth and ended at date of cancer diagnosis, death, emigration, day before 15th birthday or at 2007 in Denmark, and 2006 in Sweden
All childhood cancers
(1.04-1.17)
Country, maternal characteristic at birth whether child was a twin
Prospective cohort study 61,563 participants (25,018 men; 36,545 women) 330 rectal cancer cases, 680 colon cancer cases
Maximum 21 years (mean 13 years)
Rectal cancer Daily life stress Moderate level:
Age, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, sleep duration/night, frequency of green leafy vegetables intake, daily time walking, bowel movement frequency, age of graduation, marital status, employment status, the number of children
men women
(1.23-3.78) (1.46-7.03)
High/severe level:
men women
(1.14-2.69) (1.01-3.31)
Colon cancer No statistically significant association
Population-based case-control study (3,103 cases, 512 controls)
1979-1985
Different types of cancer, workplace PS
Age, ethnicity education, family income, respondent status, site specific, nonoccupational and occupational covariates like smoking, occupational exposure to asbestos and silica, BMI, exposure to aromatic amines, smoking, alcohol intake
Disease stages I-III, 5-year DFS rate 60% vs 76% Disease stage IV Median OS 12.2 vs 13.8 months. DFS and OS were estimated compared with patients without PD (1.07-5.68)
Age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0-3; 4), marriage, education, employment, and adjuvant chemotherapy
Smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, marital status, red meat consumption, tea consumption, urinary system diseases, family history of BC, vegetables consumption
Prospective study 101,708 participants declaring perceived stress at baseline, 17,161 cancer cases
5 years and 10 years
Overall cancer Perceived stress at baseline
No association between baseline PS level and cancer risk. Slightly (4-6%) elevated HR in the group declaring higher PS levels vs. low-stress group. For long-term PS (79,301 participants, 963 cancer cases) with always a high PS level: (1.01-1.22) in all group and (1.05-1.34) in a subgroup of men vs. subjects declaring always a low level of PS.
BMI smoking status, alcohol consumption, fruit/vegetable intake, physical activity, living arrangement, occupation, family history of cancer, study area.
Hospital based case-control study (1,933 cases, 1,994 controls)
2005-2009
Prostate cancer Men aged <75 years at diagnosis
Age, ancestry, first-degree family history of PCa, family income, education. Marital status, BMI, type 2 diabetes, depression treated with medication, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity at work, frequency of fruit, and vegetable consumption
Exposure to job stress
(1.07-1.82)
Low-grade PCa cases Exposure to job years
(1.02-1.08)
High-grade PCa cases Exposure to job years
(1.03-2.29)
Perceived workplace stress duration linkage with a higher PCa risk