Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Review Article

Approaches and Methods to Measure Oxidative Stress in Clinical Samples: Research Applications in the Cancer Field

Table 2

Enzymatic antioxidant activities in clinical samples of cancer patients.


Type of cancer	Enzymatic antioxidant activities
Type of cancer	SOD	Catalase	GPx	GST

Bladder cancer	In whole blood (Oyanagui/Sun et al.): compared to in controls () [183] In serum (HPLC): compared to in controls () [249] In plasma (Oyanagui): compared to in controls (ns) [250]	In serum (Aebi): compared to in controls () [251] In serum (HPLC): compared to in controls () [249]	In whole blood (Paglia and Valentine): compared to in controls () [183] In serum (HPLC): compared to in controls () [249]	In tissue (Habig’s CDNB): protein compared to in surrounding normal uroepithelium () [252]

Breast cancer	In tissue (Kakkar): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [219] In serum (Oyanagui/Sun et al.): 500 U/g protein compared to 750 U/g protein in controls () [217] In erythrocytes (Kakkar): compared to in controls () [218] In tissue (Oyanagui/Sun et al.): 20 U/mg compared to 38 U/mg in adjacent healthy tissues [Figure 4(a)] [221] In blood (Marklund and Marklund): 0.12 U/gm Hg compared to 0.16 U/gm Hg in controls () [220]	In tissue (Sinha): H₂O₂ utilized/s/mg protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [219] In erythrocytes (Sinha): H₂O₂ utilized/s/mg Hg compared to in controls () [218]	In tissue (Rotruck et al.): 22.41 ± 5.87 μmol GSH utilized/min/mg protein compared to 15.58 ± 5.11 μmol/min/mg in adjacent normal tissues () [219] In serum (Paglia and Valentine): 90 U/g protein compared to 135 U/g in controls () [217] In erythrocytes (Rotruck et al.): GSH utilized/min/g Hb compared to in controls () [218]	In erythrocytes (Habig’s CDNB): 1.14 ± 0.3987 μmol CDNB-GSH conjugate formed/min/mg Hb compared to 1.65 ± 0.39 μmol/min/mg in control () [218]

Cervical cancer	In plasma (Kakkar): 1 U/min/mg Hb compared to 2.5 U/min/mg in controls () [Figure 2] [224] In plasma (Sun et al.): 0.9 U/min/mg Hb compared to 2.2 U/min/mg in controls () [Figure 2] In erythrocytes (Sun et al.): 1.5 U/min/mg Hb compared to 2.1 U/min/mg in controls () [Figure 5] [119] In blood (Beyer and Fridovich): Hb compared to in controls () [223]	In erythrocytes (Sinha): 1.4 μmol H₂O₂ utilized/min compared to 2 μmol/min in controls () [Figure 5] [119] In blood (Aebi): Hb compared to in controls () [223]	In plasma (Rotruck et al.): 8 μmol H₂O₂ utilized/min/g Hb compared to 12 μmol/min/g in controls () [Figure 2] [224] In plasma (Paglia and Valentine): 0.3 U/min/mg Hb compared to 0.5 U/min/mg in controls () [Figure 4] In erythrocytes (Paglia and Valentine): 20 U/min/mg Hb compared to 25 U/min/mg in controls () [Figure 6] [119] In blood (Paglia and Valentine): 9.16 ± 0.46 mU/mg Hb compared to 6.06 ± 0.52 mU/mg in controls () [223]	In plasma (Habig’s CDNB): 1.7 μmol CDNB-GSH conjugate formed/min/mg Hb compared to 2.4 μmol/min/mg in controls () [Figure 2] [224] In plasma (Habig’s CDNB): 1.7 U/min/mg Hb compared to 2.1 U/min/mg in controls () [Figure 4] [119]

Colorectal cancer	In tissue (Cu/Zn-SOD—Misra and Fridovich): (stage I), (stage II), and tissue (stage III) compared to in normal colon mucosa () [83] In tissue (Misra and Fridovich): protein compared to in normal mucosa () [109] In tissue (Oyanagui/Sun et al.): protein compared to in corresponding distal margin () [123]	In tissue (Aebi): (stage I), (stage II), and tissue (stage III) compared to in normal colon mucosa () [83] In tissue (Beers and Sizer): protein compared to in normal mucosa () [109] In tissue (Johansson and Borg): protein compared to in corresponding distal margin (ns) [123] In tissue (Beers and Sizer): tissue compared to in normal samples () [227]	In tissue (Paglia and Valentine): (stage I), (stage II), and tissue (stage III) compared to in normal colon mucosa () [83] In tissue (Paglia and Valentine): protein compared to in corresponding distal margin () [123] In tissue (Kokatnur and Jelling): 5.75 U/g tissue compared to 7.5 U/g in normal samples () [Figure 2(a)] [227] In erythrocytes (Pleban et al.): Hb compared to in controls () [253]	In tissue (Habig’s CDNB): protein compared to in corresponding distal margin () [123] In erythrocytes (Habig’s CDNB): Hb compared to in controls () [253]

Lung cancer	In plasma (MnSOD—Oyanagio/Sun et al.): protein compared to in smoker controls and in nonsmoker controls () [120] In tissue (Sun et al.): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [121] In serum (Oyanagui/Sun et al.): 1.60 U/mL compared to 1.91 U/mL () [254]	In tissue (Goth): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [121] In serum (Johansson and Borg): 31.1 nmol/min/mL compared to 39.73 nmol/min/mL (ns) [254]	In serum (GPX3 - ELISA): compared to in controls () [255]	In plasma (Habig’s CDNB): compared to in controls () [256] In tissue (Habig’s CDNB): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissue () [257]

Liver cancer	In serum (colorimetry): 119.8 U/mL compared to 153.0 U/mL (HBV positive controls) and 172.7 U/mL (healthy controls) () [258] In plasma (Oyanagui/Sun et al.): (stage I/II) and (stage III/IV) compared to in controls () [231]	In blood (Aebi): EU/g Hb (primary) and EU/g (metastatic) compared to in controls () [259] In plasma (Johansson and Borg): (stage I/II) and (stage III/IV) compared to in controls () [231]	In plasma (Paglia and Valentine): /min compared to in corresponding post-resection samples (ns) In tissue (Paglia and Valentine): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [90] In tissue (Paglia and Valentine): Se-GPx: protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () Non-Se-Gpx: protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [143] In plasma (Paglia and Valentine): (stage I/II) and (stage III/IV) compared to in controls (4) [231]	In plasma (Habig’s et al.): compared to in corresponding post-resection samples () In tissue (Habig’s et al.): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues (ns) [90] In tissue (Habig’s et al.): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [143]

Ovarian cancer	In erythrocytes (Marklund and Marklund): Hb (stage II) and (stage IV) compared to in controls () [236] In erythrocytes (Misra and Fridovich): Hb compared to in controls () [238]	In serum (Goth): compared to in controls () [237] In erythrocytes (Beers and Sizer): Hb compared to in controls () [238]	In serum (GPX3—ELISA): 22.4 ng/mL compared to 27.8 in controls () [260] In erythrocytes (Paglia and Valentine): Hb compared to in controls () [238]	In plasma (Habig et al.): compared to in controls () [238]

Prostate cancer	In whole blood (McCord and Fridovich): 24 U/mg protein compared to 22 U/mg in controls () [Figure 1(d)] [171] In erythrocytes (Misra and Fridovich): Hb compared to in controls (ns) [67]	In whole blood (Nelson and Kiesow): 1.3 U/mg protein compared to 1.5 U/mg in controls () [Figure 1(c)] [171] In erythrocytes (Beers and Sizer): 10⁴ IU/g Hb compared to in controls (ns) [67]	In blood (N/A): compared to in controls () [240] In erythrocytes (Paglia and Valentine): Hb compared to in controls () [67]	In serum (Habig et al.): compared to in controls () [240]

Skin cancer	In erythrocytes (Sun et al.): 1846.925 U/g Hb compared to 4547.013 U/g in controls () [241] In cells (Roth and Gilbert): cells compared to in normal melanocytes () [79] In erythrocytes (Marklund and Marklund): (T1/T2) and Hb × 10³ (T3/T4) compared to in controls (ns) [75] In plasma (Oyanagui/Sun et al.): protein compared to in controls () In tissue (MnSOD—IHC): IRS compared to in controls () and in adjacent epidermis () [107] In serum (Sun et al.): 1300 U/mL compared to 1200 U/mL in controls (ns) [Figure 2] [242]	In erythrocytes (Beers and Sizer): 39282.81 U/g Hb compared to 14051.35 U/g in controls () [241] In cells (Beers and Sizer): cells compared to in normal melanocytes () [79] In erythrocytes (Aebi): (T1/T2) and absorption/min/g Hb (T3/T4) compared to in controls (ns) [75] In plasma (Johansson and Borg): protein compared to in controls () In tissue (IHC): IRS compared to in controls () and in adjacent epidermis () [107] In serum (Goth): 22 kU/L compared to 17 kU/L in controls () [Figure 4] [242]	In plasma (Paglia and Valentine): protein compared to in controls () In tissue (IHC): IRS compared to in controls () and in adjacent epidermis () [107]	In erythrocytes (Habig et al.): Hb compared to in controls (ns) [261]

Thyroid cancer	In tissue (Marklund and Marklund): (follicular carcinoma) and tissue (papillary carcinoma) compared to in controls () [244] In tissue (Sun et al.): protein compared to in adjacent tissues () [245] In erythrocytes (Kakkar): Hb compared to in controls () [247]	In tissue (Beers and Sizer): (follicular carcinoma) and tissue (papillary carcinoma) compared to in controls ( and ns) [244] In erythrocytes (Sinha): Hb compared to in controls () [247]	In tissue (Rotruck et al.): (follicular carcinoma) and tissue × 10³ (papillary carcinoma) compared to in controls () [244] In tissue (Paglia and Valentine): protein compared to in adjacent tissues () [245] In plasma (Rotruck et al.): compared to in controls () In erythrocytes (Rotruck et al.): Hb compared to in controls () [247]	In leukocytes (Habig et al.): protein compared to in controls () [262]