Review Article

Triclosan: An Update on Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms

Table 3

Oxidative stress patterns elicited by TCS.

ModelTargetResponse
BiomarkerMolecular identity

Humans (pregnant women; children)Urinary 8-OHdGOxidized deoxyguanosine; DNA damageUpregulated by TCS

Nthy-ori 3-1 cellsROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS
PBMCROSUpregulated by TCS
Lipid peroxidationOxidized lipidsUpregulated by TCS
Protein carbonylationOxidized proteinsUpregulated by TCS

Y79 RB cellsLipid peroxidationOxidized lipidsUpregulated by TCS

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cellsNrf2Antioxidant regulatorDownregulated by TCS
Ho-1Antioxidant enzymesDownregulated by TCS
Nqo-1Downregulated by TCS

VM7Luc4E2 cellsROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS

Mouse liverO2Antioxidant enzymesUpregulated by TCS
HO-1Upregulated by TCS
NQO-1Upregulated by TCS
GSTUpregulated by TCS

Weanling ratsMDAOxidized lipid markerUpregulated by TCS
SODAntioxidant enzymesUpregulated by TCS
CATDownregulated by TCS

Female albino rat lung homogenatesLipid peroxidationOxidized lipidsUpregulated by TCS
SODAntioxidantsDownregulated by TCS
CATDownregulated by TCS
GSHDownregulated by TCS

C57BL/6 mice liverGpx1Antioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasisUpregulated by TCS
Aox1Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formationUpregulated by TCS

Sprague-Dawley rat hypothalamusMDAOxidized lipid markerUpregulated by TCS
Gpx3Antioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasisDownregulated by TCS
CatAntioxidant enzymesDownregulated by TCS
Sod2Downregulated by TCS

Rat neural stem cellsROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS
GSHAntioxidantDownregulated by TCS

Mouse neocortical neuronsROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS
Cyp1a1Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxificationDownregulated by TCS
CYP1a1Downregulated by TCS
Cyp1b1Downregulated by TCS
Cyp1b1Upregulated by TCS
Sprague-Dawley rat liverCyp1a1Upregulated by TCS
Cyp1a2Upregulated by TCS
Cyp2b1Upregulated by TCS
CYP2b1Upregulated by TCS
Cyp3a1Upregulated by TCS
Ugt2b1Glucuronidation enzymes; detoxificationUpregulated by TCS
Ugt2b1Upregulated by TCS
Sult1e1Sulfation enzyme; detoxificationUpregulated by TCS
Sult1e1Upregulated by TCS

C. elegansROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS
Skn1Stress response regulatorUpregulated by TCS
SKN-1Downregulated by TCS
Gcs1Antioxidant enzymesDownregulated by TCS
Sod1Upregulated by TCS
Sod4Upregulated by TCS
Hsp-3Stress response; protein stabilizationUpregulated by TCS
Hsp-4Upregulated by TCS
Hsp-16.2Upregulated by TCS
Hsp-70Upregulated by TCS
Cyp29A2Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxificationUpregulated by TCS
Cyp34A9Upregulated by TCS
DAF-16Stress responseUpregulated by TCS

E. fetidaMDAOxidized lipid markerUpregulated by TCS
CATAntioxidant enzymesUpregulated by TCS
GSTUpregulated by TCS
SODSensitive to TCS to TCS

A. fulicaMDAOxidized lipid markerUpregulated by TCS
CATAntioxidant enzymesSensitive to TCS to TCS
SODDownregulated by TCS
PODDownregulated by TCS

ZFL liver cellsCYP1ACytochrome family enzyme; detoxificationUpregulated by TCS

D. rerio larvaeGPxAntioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasisUpregulated by TCS
GRDownregulated by TCS
PRD-2Antioxidant enzymeDownregulated by TCS
Hsp-5Stress response; protein stabilizationUpregulated by TCS
Hsp-90 βUpregulated by TCS

D. magnaMDAOxidized lipid markerUpregulated by TCS
CATAntioxidant enzymesSensitive to TCS to TCS
ERODDetoxification enzymesSensitive to TCS to TCS
ERNDSensitive to TCS to TCS
APNDSensitive to TCS to TCS
GlutamineAmino acids; markers of protein oxidation/breakdownUpregulated by TCS
GlutamateUpregulated by TCS
ProlineUpregulated by TCS

D. polymorpha gillsHsp-70Stress response; protein stabilizationSensitive to TCS to TCS

U. tumidus digestive glandGAPDHOxidoreductase; glucose metabolismSensitive to TCS to TCS
GSSGOxidized glutathione; antioxidantUpregulated by TCS
OxyradicalsOxygen-containing radicals; prooxidantsDownregulated by TCS
LipofuscinLysosomal pigment granules; toxicity markerDownregulated by TCS

T. japonicusROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS
SodAntioxidant enzymesSensitive to TCS to TCS
SODUpregulated by TCS
CatSensitive to TCS to TCS
Gst variantsAntioxidants; glutathione homeostasisSensitive to TCS to TCS
GSTUpregulated by TCS
GPxUpregulated by TCS
GSHUpregulated by TCS
Cyp3026a3Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxificationUpregulated by TCS
Cyp3037a1Upregulated by TCS

P. fulvidracoMDAOxidized lipid markerSensitive to TCS to TCS
CATAntioxidant enzymeUpregulated by TCS
GstAntioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasisSensitive to TCS to TCS
ERODDetoxification enzymesUpregulated by TCS
ERNDUpregulated by TCS
APNDUpregulated by TCS
Cyp1aCytochrome family enzymes; detoxificationSensitive to TCS to TCS
Cyp3aSensitive to TCS to TCS

H. fossilisCATAntioxidant enzymesUpregulated by TCS
SODUpregulated by TCS
GSHAntioxidants; glutathione homeostasisDownregulated by TCS
GSTDownregulated by TCS
GPxDownregulated by TCS

C. auratusMDAOxidized lipid markerUpregulated by TCS
CATAntioxidant enzymesUpregulated by TCS
SODDownregulated by TCS
GSHAntioxidant; glutathione homeostasisUpregulated by TCS

Brachionus koreanusROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS
Gst variantsAntioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasisSensitive to TCS to TCS
GpxSensitive to TCS to TCS
GSTUpregulated by TCS
SodAntioxidant enzymesSensitive to TCS to TCS
CatSensitive to TCS to TCS
Cyp3042a1Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxificationSensitive to TCS to TCS
Cyp43a1Sensitive to TCS to TCS
Hsp10Stress response; protein stabilizationSensitive to TCS to TCS
Hsp21Upregulated by TCS
Hsp27Upregulated by TCS
Hsp30Sensitive to TCS to TCS
Hsp40Sensitive to TCS to TCS
Hsp40hSensitive to TCS to TCS
Hsp60Sensitive to TCS to TCS
Hsp70Upregulated by TCS
Hsc70Upregulated by TCS
Hsp90α1Sensitive to TCS to TCS
Hsp90α2Sensitive to TCS to TCS
Hsp90βSensitive to TCS to TCS

B. gargarizans liverSodAntioxidant enzymeDownregulated by TCS
PhgpxAntioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasisDownregulated by TCS
P. perezi larvaeGSTUpregulated by TCS

R. philippinarum digestive glandMDAOxidized lipid markerUpregulated by TCS
CATAntioxidant enzymesSensitive to TCS to TCS
SODSensitive to TCS to TCS
GPx variantsAntioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasisSensitive to TCS to TCS
GSTSensitive to TCS to TCS
GRSensitive to TCS to TCS
ERODDetoxification enzymeSensitive to TCS to TCS

O. mykiss liver and kidneyCatAntioxidant enzymesDownregulated by TCS
SodUpregulated by TCS
Gpx variantsAntioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasisUpregulated by TCS
GstaUpregulated by TCS
Hsp90bbStress response; protein stabilizationUpregulated by TCS
Hsp90baUpregulated by TCS
Hsc70aUpregulated by TCS

C. reinhardtiiROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS
MDAOxidized lipid markerUpregulated by TCS
SodAntioxidant enzymeUpregulated by TCS
GpxAntioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasisUpregulated by TCS
R. rubrum S1HGpxUpregulated by TCS
GrxCAntioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasisUpregulated by TCS
TrxBUpregulated by TCS
OsmCAntioxidant enzymeUpregulated by TCS
DnaJHeat shock protein; general stress markerUpregulated by TCS
RpoNRNA polymerase factor sigma-54; general stress markerDownregulated by TCS
TerATellurite resistance protein A; general stress markerUpregulated by TCS
Psp variantsPhage shock proteins; general stress markersSensitive to TCS to TCS
ClpPATP-dependent protease, proteolytic subunit; general stress markerUpregulated by TCS
HrcAHeat-inducible transcription suppressor; general stress markerUpregulated by TCS

E. coli K12, MG1655OxyRROS sensor proteinsUpregulated by TCS
GrxAntioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasisUpregulated by TCS
Sod variantsAntioxidant enzymesUpregulated by TCS
Cat variantsUpregulated by TCS
Ahp variantsAntioxidant enzymesUpregulated by TCS

E. coliROSMetabolic oxygen by-productsUpregulated by TCS
YgiWAntioxidant proteinsDownregulated by TCS
SoxSDownregulated by TCS
YhcNDownregulated by TCS

Abbreviation: TrxB: thioredoxin; OsmC: peroxiredoxin osmotically inducible protein C-like. Effects of 2,4-DCP, a by-product of TCS degradation.