Potential of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants to Prevent Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic β-cells

Figure 1

Suggested mechanisms for antioxidant action of matrix-targeted antioxidant SkQ1: (a) antioxidative two-electron reduction of SkQ1 to SkQ1H₂ plus regeneration (oxidation of SkQ1H₂) within the sole complex I, based on Reference [34]; (b) antioxidative two-electron reduction of SkQ1 to SkQ1H₂ at site III_Qo of complex III and regeneration at the complex I, based on Reference [34]; (c) SkQ1 participation in SkQ1⁺ fatty acid anion^- ion pairing and consequent cycling of SkQ1 and fatty acid, based on Reference [30, 32]—this cycling partially uncouples protonic coupling in mitochondria and hence attenuates superoxide formation; (d) single-electron reduction of SkQ1 to SkQ1 radical during lipid peroxidation, based on Reference [30], with as yet unknown regeneration.

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