Potential of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants to Prevent Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic β-cells

Figure 2

Effect of matrix-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 on MitoSOX Red responses to matrix-released superoxide. Relative rates for superoxide release to the mitochondrial matrix in INS-1E cells, incubated in medium containing 25 mmol·l^-1 glucose, are normalized (a) to the average rate observed with 20 μmol·l^-1 rotenone or (b) to the average obtained in controls without any agent addition. When indicated, 1 nmol·l^-1 SkQ1 was added at the beginning of 20 min of confocal microscopy time-lapsed monitoring. The error bars represent the standard deviations of 4–6 measurements. ANOVA (–6): ; .

(a)

(b)