Temporary occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries for 25 min
Borneol, 0.01 g/kg, ig, at 30 min before model and once daily for 2 days after occlusion
Same volume of 10% ethanol, ig, at 30 min before model and once daily for 2 days after occlusion
(1) Brain EB content, 48 h (6/6) (2) Brain water content, 24 h (6/6) (3) Morris water maze test, 4 d (12/12) (4) MDA, SOD, 4 d (6/6) (5) GFAP, 4 d (3/3)
L-borneol, 0.2 g/kg, ig, once daily for 3 days before occlusion
Same volume of 5% Tween 80 solution, ig, once daily for 3 days before occlusion
(1) Neurological function score, 24 h (12/12) (2) Brain water content, 24 h (8/8) (3) Cerebral infarction rate with TTC staining, 24 h (5/5) (4) The ultrastructure of BBB, NS (5) VEGF levels in the serum, 24 h (7/7) (6) TNF-α levels in the serum, 24 h (7/7) (7) Bax mRNA, 24 h (3/3) (8) Bcl-2 mRNA, 24 h (3/3) (9) Claudin-5 mRNA, 24 h (3/3)
D-borneol, 0.2 g/kg, ig, once daily for 3 days before occlusion
Same volume of 5% Tween 80 solution, ig, once daily for 3 days before occlusion
(1) Neurological function score, 24 h (12/12) (2) Brain water content, 24 h (8/8) (3) Cerebral infarction rate with TTC staining, 24 h (5/5) (4) The ultrastructure of BBB, NS (5) VEGF levels in the serum, 24 h (7/7) (6) TNF-α levels in the serum, 24 h (7/7) (7) Bax mRNA, 24 h (3/3) (8) Bcl-2 mRNA, 24 h (3/3) (9) Claudin-5 mRNA, 24 h (3/3)
Synthetic borneol, 0.6 g/kg, ig, once daily for 3 days before occlusion
Same volume of 5% Tween 80 solution, ig, once daily for 3 days before occlusion
(1) Neurological function score, 24 h (12/12) (2) Brain water content, 24 h (8/8) (3) Cerebral infarction rate with TTC staining, 24 h (5/5) (4) The ultrastructure of BBB, NS (5) VEGF levels in the serum, 24 h (7/7) (6) TNF-α levels in the serum, 24 h (7/7) (7) Bax mRNA, 24 h (3/3) (8) Bcl-2 mRNA, 24 h (3/3) (9) Claudin-5 mRNA, 24 h (3/3)
Permanent ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries
Borneol, 0.020 g/kg, iv, once daily for 4 days before model establishment
Same volume of normal saline, iv, once daily for 4 days before model establishment
Brain water content, 3 h (8/8)
Note: BBB: the blood-brain barrier; increased: a significantly increasing blood-brain barrier permeability after the administration of borneol; decreased: a significantly decreasing blood-brain barrier permeability after the administration of borneol; ND: no statistical difference between treatment and control groups; Increased? or decreased?: the efficacy result was reported as increasing or decreasing blood brain barrier permeability with the absence of statistical analysis or available original data; ig: intragastric administration; ip: intraperitoneal administration; iv: intravenous injection; NS: not stated; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; ET: endothelin; NO: nitric oxide; LDH: lactated hydrogenase; EB: Evans blue; ZO-1: zonula occludens-1; GFAP: gliofibrillar acid protein; BAX: Bcl-2 associated X protein; BCL: B-cell lymphoma; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9; P-GP: P-glycoprotein.