Additional Effects of Nutritional Antioxidant Supplementation on Peripheral Muscle during Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 3

Characteristics of the COPD patients who underwent muscle biopsy.

	PR placebo group ()	Biopsy PR placebo group ()	value	PR antioxidant group ()	Biopsy PR antioxidant group ()	value
Age (years)
Sex ratio (W/M)	13/14	11/8	1.00	17/15	13/11	1.00
BMI			0.54			0.39
(%pred)			0.67			0.91
(%pred)			0.95			0.58
(%pred)			0.90			0.84
(%pred)			0.18			0.97
α/γ-Tocopherol			0.39			0.69
Selenium			0.91			0.70
Qend (s)			0.82			0.66
Delta (%)	+%	+%	0.60	+%	+%	0.79
Delta α/γ-tocopherol (%)	-%	-%	0.49	+%	+%	0.93
Delta selenium (%)	+%	%	0.61	+%	+%	0.92

Results are expressed in . Definition of abbreviations: W/M: women/men; BMI: body mass index (kg/m²); (%pred): forced expiratory volume in 1 second; (m): six-minute walking distance; : symptom-limited oxygen uptake; (N·m^-1): quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction expressed in Newtons; Qend (s): quadriceps endurance time expressed in seconds; CSA: cross-sectional area expressed in μm².