Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in the Development of Gastric Cancer and Gastric Cancer-Related Depression through ABL1-Mediated Inflammation Signaling Pathway

Huang, Tianhe; Zhou, Fuling; Yuan, Xiaohan; Yang, Tian; Liang, Xuan; Wang, Yu; Tu, Honglei; Chang, Jiantong; Nan, Kejun; Wei, Yongchang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5813985

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

On this page

Abstract Background Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 5813985 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5813985

Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in the Development of Gastric Cancer and Gastric Cancer-Related Depression through ABL1-Mediated Inflammation Signaling Pathway

Tianhe Huang,¹Fuling Zhou,²Xiaohan Yuan,³Tian Yang,⁴Xuan Liang,¹Yu Wang,¹Honglei Tu,²Jiantong Chang,⁵Kejun Nan,¹and Yongchang Wei⁴

Guest Editor: Daniela Ribeiro

Received02 Mar 2019

Accepted30 May 2019

Published15 Jul 2019

Abstract

Background. The mechanisms of crosstalk between depression and gastric cancer (GC) remain ill defined. Given that reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the pathophysiology of both GC and depression, we try to explore the activities of ROS in the development of GC and GC-related depression. Methods. 110 patients with newly diagnosed GC were recruited in our study. The clinical characteristics of these patients were recorded. Inflammation and oxidative stress markers were detected by ELISA. The depression status of patients with GC was assessed during follow-up. The association between ROS, ABL1, and inflammation factors was evaluated in H₂O₂-treated GC cell lines and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The effect of ABL1 on inflammation was detected with Imatinib/Nilotinib-treated GC cell lines. A chronic mild stress- (CMS-) induced patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice model was established to assess the crosstalk between depression and GC. Results. Depression was correlated with poor prognosis of patients with GC. GC patients with depression were under a high level of oxidative status as well as dysregulated inflammation. In the CMS-induced GC PDX mice model, CMS could facilitate the development of GC. Additionally, tumor bearing could induce depressive-like behaviors of mice. With the treatment of ROS, the activities of ABL1 and inflammatory signaling were enhanced both in vitro and in vivo, and blocking the activities of ABL1 inhibited inflammatory signaling. Conclusions. ROS-activated ABL1 mediates inflammation through regulating NF-κB1 and STAT3, which subsequently leads to the development of GC and GC-related depression.

1. Background

Patients with gastric cancer (GC) are susceptible to mood disorder, especially to depression. We demonstrated that about 50% of investigated patients with GC suffered from depression and experienced poor quality of life [1]. Unfortunately, the unequivocal mechanism leading to the occurrence of depression for patients with GC remains poorly understood. We found that depression was associated with an impairment of immunologic functions and oxidative imbalance [2]. Oxidative stress (OS), characterized as excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [3], is involved in the initiation and development of cancer and depression. ROS lead to damage to tissues by attacking the DNA or disrupting cellular signaling [4, 5]. As a marker of OS, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is dramatically elevated in serum samples of patients with GC. Furthermore, we have shown that levels of ROS are upregulated in serum and tissue samples of GC patients [2]. As a recognized risk factor of GC, infection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) contributes to the generation of ROS by cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) [6], subsequently activating Wnt, Ras, and mechanistic targets of rapamycin (mTOR) to drive the initiation of gastric carcinogenesis [7–10].

Increasing evidences indicate that oxidative stress is implicated in the pathological process of major depressive disorder (MDD). Similar with patients with GC, 8-OHdG increases in serum samples of patients with depression [11]. Low levels of antioxidant uric acid are associated with the occurrence of depression because of decreased levels of antioxidant properties [12]. The elevated levels of ROS are capable of decreasing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), partially contributing to the progress of depression [13, 14]. With sparse whole-genome sequencing, Cai et al. identified sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) as a contributor to major depressive disorder [15]. SIRT1 functions by means of its antioxidant effects through enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and inhibiting free radical-mediated oxidative injuries via decreasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation [16, 17]. All these suggest that oxidative stress plays crucial role in the process of depression.

With a high level of ROS, numerous oxidative stress-related proteins are dysregulated. SIRT1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), for instance, are activated in both GC and depression [16, 18]. In our previous work, we found that ABL1 was upregulated in patients with both GC/colorectal carcinoma and depression [19, 20], and some kinds of cytokines like Leptin-LepRb and COX2 are abnormally expressed [21, 22]. Given the role of ROS in depression, GC, and crosstalk with inflammation, we speculated that ROS, ABL1, and inflammation are involved in the development of GC as well as GC-related depression. In this study, we designed series experiments to validate our hypothesis.

2. Patients and Methods

2.1. Patients

110 patients newly diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinomas were recruited in our study. They were diagnosed and received treatment from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2016 in the Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. All the GC patients received examination and treatment following the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Follow-up was performed 3 times per year for the first 5 years, and annually thereafter. The project was terminated on December 31, 2016.

2.2. Instruments

During treatment and follow-up, assessment of the mood status among these patients was performed by physicians in the Department of Psychology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. The psychology assessment was performed every 6 months for 5 years and annually thereafter, and terminated when the patient died or when the study was terminated, which ever came earlier. We measured psychiatric symptoms with the method described in our previous work [23].

2.3. Ethical Standards

This study was approved by the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University Ethics and Scientific Committee and met international standards for informed consent. All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. Informed consent to be included in the study, or the equivalent, was obtained from all patients. All animal experiments were approved by the review board of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, and all institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.

2.4. Cell Culture

GC cell lines SGC-7901 and AGS were cultured in RPMI-1640 (HyClone) medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (HyClone) in a 37°C incubator with a constant temperature and high humidity under 5% CO₂ atmosphere.

2.5. MTT Assay

The MTT assay was used for evaluating cell proliferation. Briefly, cells in log phase were trypsinized into a single cell. Then, the GC cell lines were seeded into a 96-well plate ( cells/well) and cultured in 200 μl of culture medium. 72 h later, the MTT solution (Sigma-Aldrich) (1 : 10 to complete culture medium) was added into each well. After incubation for 4 h, the supernatant of each well was aspirated carefully, and the crystals were dissolved with 100 μl of DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich) by shaking for 5 min. The absorbance of each well was read by a microplate reader. The study was performed in triplicate.

2.6. Migration Assay

A wound-healing assay was used to detect cell migration. Briefly, the proper density of cells was passaged into a 6-well plate to ensure the 90%–100% monolayer cell confluence on the next day. Then, a 200 μl pipette tip was used to form a wound. 48 hours later, the number of cells that migrated into the wound were recorded.

2.7. Drug Treatment

GC cell lines SGC-7901 and AGS were seeded into 96-well plates and treated with a serial concentration of Imatinib and Nilotinib (a gift from Novartis) to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Then, GC cells were treated with the two drugs at a dose of IC50 to explore the effect of ABL1 on inflammation signaling.

2.8. Flow Cytometric Analysis

Flow cytometry was accomplished with a FACS flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). SGC-7901 cells were stained with anti-E-cadherin (rabbit, Cell Signaling Technology) and anti-N-cadherin (mouse, Abcam) for 45 min, then stained with Alexa Fluor 488- and Alexa Fluor 594-labeled secondary antibody for 30 min after washing with PBS. All procedures were performed on ice. The analysis for the data was done with the FlowJo software (TreeStar Inc., Ashland, OR, USA).

2.9. PDX Model

The generation of the PDX mice model was established as described before [24]. Briefly, fresh surgical PDX tissue fragments (from GC patients of the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University) (approximately 15 mm³) were implanted subcutaneously directly into male nude (8-week-old) mice (Hubei Provincial Laboratory Animal Public Service Center, Wuhan, China) and serial transplantation was conducted. The animal experiments in this study were performed according to the policies approved by IACUC. Tumor size was monitored twice per week, and tumor volumes () were calculated with the following formula: .

2.10. CMS

Mice were randomly exposed to several stressors in the morning and in the afternoon. The stressors included dampened sawdust, removal of sawdust, replacement of sawdust with water at 21°C, repeated alteration of sawdust, inclining the cage with 45°C, restraint stress, change of the dark and light cycle, and predator voice [25].

2.11. Behavioral Tests

2.11.1. Open-Field Test (OFT)

OFT was adopted for measuring the spontaneous locomotor activities of mice. Briefly, mice were carefully placed in an open-field apparatus () (Chengdu Techman Software Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China). The movement traces (5 min) of the mice were monitored by infrared cameras and analyzed with corresponding software [26].

2.11.2. Sucrose Preference Test (SPT)

As described before, both water and food were denuded 24 h before SPT. During the test, two bottles with the same size were supplied to each animal: one with clean water and the other one with 1% sucrose solution. After 1 h, fluid consumptions were checked. Sucrose preference proportion was calculated with the following formula: [27].

2.11.3. Tail Suspension Test (TST)

TST was performed for 6 minutes by suspending a mouse 30 cm from the floor. The immobile duration was monitored for a 6 min period. Mice were defined immobile only when they hung passively and were totally motionless [28].

2.12. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

The levels of 8-OHdG in patients’ or mice’ blood samples were quantitatively assayed with a DNA-damage ELISA kit (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). A hydrogen peroxide assay kit and a catalase assay kit were used to detect the levels of hydrogen peroxide and catalase in patients’ blood samples (Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Co., Nanjing, China). The concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, COX2, and 5-HT of mice’ blood samples were determined with a commercial ELISA kit for mouse IL-6, IL-1β, COX2, and 5-HT (Elabscience Biotechnology Co. Ltd., China). Procedures were performed based on the manufacturers’ protocols, and the absorbance values were read at the recommended wave lengths.

2.13. Western Blot Analysis

Proteins from both the hippocampus and tumor tissue samples and cell lines were extracted. The concentration of proteins was detected with the BCA protein assay reagent (Shenzhen Wolsen Technology Co. Ltd., China). A total 15 μg of proteins from each sample was loaded on 12% gel, then the proteins were transferred from the gel to the polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA), followed by blocking the membrane with 5% nonfat milk at room temperature for 2 h. The membrane was then incubated with a primary antibody specific for ABL1/p-ABL1(y412), IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2 (Abcam, Shanghai, China); NF-κB1/p-NF-κB1 (ser933) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); STAT3/p-STAT3 (Tyr 705) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China); and β-actin antibody (Proteintech Group, Wuhan, China) at 4°C for 12 h. The membranes were washed 5 times with TBST (6 min each time), followed by 1 h incubation with the secondary antibody at room temperature. Image Lab software was used for the quantification of protein levels. Western blots were repeated three times for each sample.

2.14. Measurement of Serum Levels of ROS

The sera of mice were harvested, and serum levels of ROS were determined by the OxiSelect™ In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay Kit (Cell Biolabs Inc., California, USA) in accordance with the protocol provided. The fluorescence was read with a fluorescence plate reader at excitation 480 nm and emission 530 nm.

2.15. Statistical Analyses

Statistical analysis was performed by GraphPad Prism. Data are presented as . Significant difference at each comparison point is shown as and .

3. Results

3.1. Depression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis of Patients with GC

The baseline characteristics of GC patients were presented in the supplementary materials (Supplementary Table 1). The prevalence of MDD was 38.18% (42/110) among the investigated patients with GC. Based on the OS of patients with GC, the cutoff of pLN (positive lymph node), NLR (neutrophil lymphocyte ratio), and LMR (lymphocyte monocyte ratio) were determined by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (Supplementary Table 2). Univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that pLN, TNM, and depression were associated with OS of patients with GC (Supplementary Table 3). TNM, pLN, and MDD were independent prognostic factors of patients with GC identified by multivariate analysis (Supplementary Table 4).

The median survival time of GC patients without or with depression was 61 months (95% CI, 48.18 to 73.82) and 27 months (95% CI, 20.65 to 33.65), ; the median OS of the GC patients with early TNM was not reached (greater than the longest censoring time), and for the patients with advanced TNM, median OS was 41 months (95% CI, 28.97% to 53.03), ; the median OS of the GC patients with was not reached (greater than the longest censoring time), and the median OS of the patients with was 37 months (95% CI, 23.25 to 50.75), (Figure 1(a)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.2. GC Patients with Depression Have Higher Levels of ROS, Accompanied with Dysregulated Oxidative Stress-Related Genes and Inflammation Factors

We previously confirmed that levels of ROS increased in patients with GC. Here, we tried to figure out the alteration of ROS in GC patients with depression. By ELISA assay, we found that serum levels of H₂O₂ and 8-OHdG dramatically increased, and serum levels of CAT significantly decreased in GC patients with depression (Figure 1(c)). With a quantitative real-time PCR array, we identified several oxidative stress-related genes differentially expressed, and ABL1 was significantly elevated in both GC patients with depression and colorectal carcinoma patients with depression [19, 20]. Inflammatory factors were reported to be associated with depression; as such, we tested the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in serum samples of 30 normal donors (ND), 30 GC patients, and 30 GC patients with depression. It indicated that serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 significantly increased in GC patients with depression (Figure 1(b)).

Moreover, as inflammation markers, high levels of NLR were significantly positively related with advanced TNM, pLN, and occurrence of depression. Conversely, high levels of LMR were significantly negatively associated with advanced TNM, pLN, and occurrence of depression (Supplementary Table 5). Evidences here suggested that inflammation might be involved in the development of GC and GC-related MDD.

3.3. ABL1 Is Correlated with the Inflammation Signaling Pathway in Patients with GC, and High Levels of ABL1 and STAT3 Were Associated with Poor OS of GC Patients

By retrieving the mRNA expression file on GC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set (http://www.oncolnc.org), we discovered that the mRNA of ABL1 was positively associated with the mRNA of STAT3 and IL-6; the expression of STAT3 was positively correlated with the expression of NF-κB1, NF-κB2, IL-6, and IL-1β; the expression of NF-κB1 was positively correlated with that of IL-6 and IL-1β (Supplementary Figure 1(a)).

Meanwhile, we analyzed the clinical data from the TCGA database to figure out the effect of ABL1, NF-κB1, STAT3, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2 on the OS of patients with GC. The result revealed that high levels of ABL1 and STAT3 were related to poor OS of GC patients (Supplementary Figure 1(b)).

3.4. ROS Regulate Activities of ABL1, Inflammation, Proliferation, Migration, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of GC Cell Lines

In our previous work, we summarized that ROS may regulate the expression of ABL1 by triggering receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which subsequently led to the phosphorylation of ABL1. NF-κB1 and STAT3 were the main factors involved in cytokine release [29, 30], and both NF-κB1 and STAT3 were proven to be downstream targets of ABL1 in leukemia [31, 32]. Here, we treated SGC-7901 and AGS GC cell lines with different concentrations of H₂O₂ (0 μM, 25 μM, and 50 μM), and the result showed that ROS could enhance the activities of ABL1 and could upregulate p-NF-κB1, p-STAT3, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2 (Figure 2(a)). The MTT assay and wound-healing assay showed that H₂O₂ could promote the proliferation and migration of GC cell lines (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). The expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin of SGC-7901 treated with H₂O₂ (25 μM, 48 h) was analyzed by flow cytometry. The result indicated that the expression of N-cadherin significantly increased after H₂O₂ treatment, and the expression of E-cadherin significantly decreased (Figure 2(d)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.5. ABL1 Regulates Inflammatory Signaling Pathway

To investigate the association of ABL1 and inflammation, we blocked the activities of ABL1 with its inhibitors Imatinib and Nilotinib. By treating GC cell lines SGC-7901 and AGS with Imatinib (10 μM) and Nilotinib (5 μM) for 24 h, the levels of pABL1 decreased, accompanied with the inhibition of p-NF-κB1, p-STAT3, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2, which meant that ABL1 regulated the inflammatory signaling pathway (Figure 3).

3.6. CMS Leads to Depressive-Like Behaviors and Development of GC

To better understand the relationship of ROS, cytokine release, development of cancer, and cancer-related depression, we generated the CMS-induced mice model and the GC PDX model. During exposure to CMS for 4 weeks, depressive-like behaviors were monitored with OFT, SPT, and TST. Mice showed significantly less total move distance, longer immobile time, and lower sucrose preference and sucrose consumption induced with CMS (Supplementary Figure 2(a)). The ELISA assay indicated that serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, COX2, ROS, and 8-OHdG significantly increased, and serum levels of 5-HT significantly decreased in CMS mice compared with the control (Supplementary Figure 2(b)).

As shown in Figure 2, H₂O₂ could enhance the activities of ABL1, as well as increase the levels of p-NF-κB1, p-STAT3, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2. Consisting of H₂O₂-treated GC cell lines in vitro, ABL1, pABL1, p-NF-κB1, p-STAT3, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2 were significantly increased in the hippocampus tissue of CMS-induced mice (Figure 4).

To investigate the effect of CMS on GC, PDX mice models were established after 4 weeks of exposure to CMS. The results showed that CMS could promote tumor growth (Figure 5(a)). Similarly, in tumor tissues of CMS-induced mice, the expression and phosphorylation of ABL1, p-NF-κB1, p-STAT3, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2 significantly increased (Figure 5(b)).

(a)

(b)

3.7. Tumor Bearing Leads to Depressive-Like Behaviors of Mice

To investigate the effect of tumor on depression, we constructed a PDX-bearing mice model. After 4 weeks of PDX bearing, mice showed significantly less total move distance, longer immobile time, and lower sucrose preference and sucrose consumption compared with the control (Figure 6(a)). Serum levels of ROS and 8-OHdG significantly increased in PDX-bearing mice (Figure 6(b)). IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2 significantly increased in PDX-bearing mice, while 5-HT significantly decreased in PDX-bearing mice (Figure 6(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

4. Discussion

Based on the clinical data we gathered from GC patients with depression, MDD is an independent factor predicting OS of GC. As such, we used the CMS-induced mice to probe the effect of depression on the development of GC. For mice treated with CMS, serum levels of ROS and cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2) significantly increased; the tumor grew faster in CMS-induced mice. These results from the mice model were consistent with what we gathered from the clinical data of patients with GC. Moreover, after tumor bearing for 4 weeks, we observed depressive-like behaviors occurring among these mice, and the levels of ROS and 8-OHdG dynamically elevated after tumor bearing.

Our preliminary study confirmed that ABL1 was expressed notably higher in GC and colorectal carcinoma patients with depression. Encouragingly, with whole genome cRNA microarrays, Yi et al. gathered 30 differentially expressed genes in patients with MDD, including ABL1 [33]. In addition, ROS-mediated ABL1 plays key role in Parkinson’s disease [34]. The dysregulation of ROS may influence the expression of ABL1 through triggering genomic instability [35]. In renal carcinoma, the levels of ROS are positively correlated with the expression of ABL1 [36]. H₂O₂, a type of ROS, promotes the expression of ABL1, and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) restrains the activities of ABL1. In both CMS-induced mice and PDX mice, exposure to CMS significantly increased ROS levels; meanwhile, both expression of ABL1 and phosphorylation of ABL1 were elevated in the hippocampus of CMS-induced mice and in the tumor tissue of PDX mice exposed to CMS. In an in vitro study, we treated GC lines with H₂O₂ and found that both ABL1 and phosphorylation of ABL1 were H₂O₂ dose dependent [37]. Collectively, these results indicated that ROS could trigger the activities of ABL1 in GC.

Studies reported that the ROS-mediated inflammatory microenvironment plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. NF-κB1 and STAT3 are crucial factors regulating the tumor microenvironment. Both NF-κB and STAT3 are proven to be downstream targets of ABL1 in leukemia [31, 32]. The constitutive activation of NF-κB1 leads to cytokine release (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1, and IL-8), and these cytokines can give a positive feedback loop to induce the activation of NF-κB [38–40]. Besides, by interacting with PI3K-AKT-mTOR, NF-κB controls tumor proliferation through the regulation of c-myc and cyclin D1 [41–43]. Similarly, there is also a positive feedback loop between cytokine release and the activation of STAT3, and STAT3 is required for tumor transformation [31]. Indeed, cytokines promote self-renewal and EMT of tumor cells, which may be crucial in treatment resistance and the relapse of cancer [44]. Zhu et al. found that IL-6 could upregulate the expression of CD44, a marker of cancer stem cells, in GC cells [45]; IL-1β may be involved in gastric dysplasia by regulating stromal cell-derived factor-1 [46]; and inhibition of COX2 could convert the preneoplastic lesions by the regulation of prostaglandin E-2 [47]. Taking both clinical and experimental data from in vivo and in vitro studies together, ROS mediate the activation of ABL1 to promote cytokine release by triggering NF-κB and STAT3, which may partially account for the poorer prognosis of GC patients with depression.

To probe the potential mechanism of the occurrence of depression, we also detect the expression of ABL1, NF-κB1, STAT3, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2 in the hippocampus of depressive mice. Interestingly, ROS seems to activate ABL1/NF-κB1-related cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2), thus involving itself in the process of depression. These cytokines interact with the HPA axis, leading to the occurrence of depression [48, 49]. Actually, Norden et al. found that tumor growth could increase neuroinflammation, with increased IL-1β and IL-6 expression in the cortex and the hippocampus of tumor-bearing mice [50]. Some also think that ROS are the by-products of MDD-related dysfunctional mitochondria, leading the activation of inflammation-related signaling pathways including NF-κB and NRF2, which in turn promotes the progression of MDD [51, 52]. For GC patients with depression, inflammation markers NLR and LMR were associated with depression. Furthermore, we also investigated the effect of tumor bearing on depression, and found that GC bearing can lead to depressive-like behaviors of mice. The levels of ROS, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX2 significantly increased at 4 weeks posttumor implantation. All these convinced us that ROS-ABL1-related inflammation factor release played a key role in the occurrence of depressive-like behavior among tumor-bearing mice.

5. Conclusion

ROS-activated ABL1 mediates the inflammatory signaling pathway, which subsequently leads to the development of GC and GC-related depression.

Data Availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673033).

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Table 1: the baseline characteristics of investigated GC patients. Supplementary Table 2: the cutoff of pLN, NLR, and LMR determined by ROC. Supplementary Table 3: univariate Cox regression analysis of factors associated with OS of GC patients. Supplementary Table 4: multivariate analysis of factors affecting OS of GC patients. Supplementary Table 5: correlation of NLR and LMR with clinical characteristics of GC. Supplementary Figure 1: (a) ABL1 is correlated with the inflammation signaling pathway in patients with GC (b) and high levels of ABL1 and STAT3 were associated with poor OS of GC patients. Supplementary Figure 2: (a) CMS led to depressive-like behaviors in mice. (b and c) CMS induced dysregulated inflammation factors and ROS. (Supplementary Materials)

References

K. J. Nan, Y. C. Wei, F. L. Zhou et al., “Effects of depression on parameters of cell-mediated immunity in patients with digestive tract cancers,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 268–272, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. C. Wei, F. L. Zhou, D. L. He et al., “Oxidative stress in depressive patients with gastric adenocarcinoma,” The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1089–1096, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Zhou, Y. Pan, Y. Wei et al., “Jab1/Csn5–thioredoxin signaling in relapsed acute monocytic leukemia under oxidative stress,” Cancer Research, vol. 23, pp. 4450–4461, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Y. Wang, G. Z. Liu, J. S. Wilmott et al., “Skp2-mediated stabilization of MTH1 promotes survival of melanoma cells upon oxidative stress,” Cancer Research, vol. 77, no. 22, pp. 6226–6239, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Zhou, Q. Shen, and F. X. Claret, “Novel roles of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 423–429, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. H. Yoon, H. S. Seo, S. S. Choi et al., “Gastrokine 1 inhibits the carcinogenic potentials of Helicobacter pylori CagA,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2619–2629, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Huang, F. Wang-Johanning, F. Zhou, H. Kallon, and Y. Wei, “MicroRNAs serve as a bridge between oxidative stress and gastric cancer (review),” International Journal of Oncology, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1791–1800, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Buti, E. Spooner, A. G. Van der Veen, R. Rappuoli, A. Covacci, and H. L. Ploegh, “Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) subverts the apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 (ASPP2) tumor suppressor pathway of the host,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 22, pp. 9238–9243, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Jia, J. Cui, X. Meng et al., “Malignant transformation of human gastric epithelium cells via reactive oxygen species production and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation following 40-week exposure to ochratoxin A,” Cancer Letters, vol. 372, no. 1, pp. 36–47, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zhao, F. Han, S. Yang, J. Wu, and W. Zhan, “Oxamate-mediated inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase induces protective autophagy in gastric cancer cells: involvement of the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway,” Cancer Letters, vol. 358, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. N. Black, M. Bot, P. G. Scheffer, P. Cuijpers, and B. W. J. H. Penninx, “Is depression associated with increased oxidative stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 51, pp. 164–175, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. N. Black, M. Bot, P. G. Scheffer, H. Snieder, and B. W. J. H. Penninx, “Uric acid in major depressive and anxiety disorders,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 225, pp. 684–690, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ibi, J. Liu, N. Arakawa et al., “Depressive-like behaviors are regulated by NOX1/NADPH oxidase by redox modification of NMDA receptor 1,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 37, no. 15, pp. 4200–4212, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. W. N. Vogel, D. Bijlenga, J. Verduijn et al., “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and stress-related biomarkers,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 79, pp. 31–39, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
CONVERGE consortium, N. Cai, T. B. Bigdeli et al., “Sparse whole-genome sequencing identifies two loci for major depressive disorder,” Nature, vol. 523, no. 7562, pp. 588–591, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Morris, K. Walder, S. L. McGee et al., “A model of the mitochondrial basis of bipolar disorder,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 74, Part A, pp. 1–20, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Chan, C. H. Hung, J. Y. Shih et al., “Sirt1 inhibition causes oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease,” Redox Biology, vol. 13, pp. 301–309, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhang, X. Guo, D. Zhang et al., “Upregulated miR-132 in Lgr5⁺ gastric cancer stem cell-like cells contributes to cisplatin-resistance via SIRT1/CREB/ABCG2 signaling pathway,” Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 2022–2034, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. C. Wei, F. L. Zhou, D. L. He et al., “The level of oxidative stress and the expression of genes involved in DNA-damage signaling pathways in depressive patients with colorectal carcinoma,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 259–266, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Huang, F. Zhou, F. Wang-Johanning, K. Nan, and Y. Wei, “Depression accelerates the development of gastric cancer through reactive oxygen species-activated ABL1 (review),” Oncology Reports, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 2435–2443, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Pan, F. Zhou, C. He, L. Hui, T. Huang, and Y. Wei, “Leptin-LepRb expressed in gastric cancer patients and related to cancer-related depression,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2017, Article ID 6482842, 7 pages, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Sun, Y. Wei, H. Tu et al., “Expressions of COX-2, PKC-α and miR-101 in gastric cancer and their correlations,” Journal of Southern Medical University, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 559–562, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Hui, T. Huang, J. Lian et al., “Potential prognostic value of clinical characteristics, hormone status and major depressive disorder in breast cancer,” Future Oncology, vol. 13, no. 17, pp. 1493–1503, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Apicella, C. Migliore, T. Capelôa et al., “Dual MET/EGFR therapy leads to complete response and resistance prevention in a MET-amplified gastroesophageal xenopatient cohort,” Oncogene, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1200–1210, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Grassi, H. Franz, R. Vezzali et al., “Neuronal activity, TGFβ-signaling and unpredictable chronic stress modulate transcription of Gadd45 family members and DNA methylation in the hippocampus,” Cerebral Cortex, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 4166–4181, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Jiang, Y. J. Wang, H. Wang et al., “Antidepressant-like effects of fenofibrate in mice via the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor signalling pathway,” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 174, no. 2, pp. 177–194, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Zhao, X. Wu, S. Yan et al., “The antidepressant-like effects of pioglitazone in a chronic mild stress mouse model are associated with PPARγ-mediated alteration of microglial activation phenotypes,” Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 259, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. J. Sales, C. Biojone, M. S. Terceti, F. S. Guimarães, M. V. M. Gomes, and S. R. L. Joca, “Antidepressant-like effect induced by systemic and intra-hippocampal administration of DNA methylation inhibitors,” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 164, no. 6, pp. 1711–1721, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. D. Burkitt, A. F. Hanedi, C. A. Duckworth et al., “NF‐κB1, NF‐κB2 and c‐Rel differentially regulate susceptibility to colitis‐associated adenoma development in C57BL/6 mice,” The Journal of Pathology, vol. 236, no. 3, pp. 326–336, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Li, H. Guo, X. Zhao et al., “Gastric cancer cell proliferation and survival is enabled by a Cyclophilin B/STAT3/miR-520d-5p signaling feedback loop,” Cancer Research, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 1227–1240, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Y. Hsieh and R. A. Van Etten, “IKK-dependent activation of NF-κB contributes to myeloid and lymphoid leukemogenesis by BCR-ABL1,” Blood, vol. 123, no. 15, pp. 2401–2411, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. F. Li, S. Xu, Y. Huang, X. Ou, and K. P. Lam, “Tyrosine kinase c-Abl regulates the survival of plasma cells,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, article 40133, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Yi, Z. Li, S. Yu et al., “Blood-based gene expression profiles models for classification of subsyndromal symptomatic depression and major depressive disorder,” PLoS One, vol. 7, no. 2, article e31283, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Z. Imam, Q. Zhou, A. Yamamoto et al., “Novel regulation of Parkin function through c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation: implications for Parkinson’s disease,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 157–163, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nieborowska-Skorska, P. K. Kopinski, R. Ray et al., “Rac2-MRC-cIII-generated ROS cause genomic instability in chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells and primitive progenitors,” Blood, vol. 119, no. 18, pp. 4253–4263, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Sourbier, C. J. Ricketts, S. Matsumoto et al., “Targeting ABL1-mediated oxidative stress adaptation in fumarate hydratase-deficient cancer,” Cancer Cell, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 840–850, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Zhang, F. Tsukahara, and Y. Maru, “N-Acetyl-cysteine enhances growth in BCR-ABL-transformed cells,” Cancer Science, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 240–244, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. M. Tran, Z. R. Schoepflin, D. Z. Markova et al., “CCN2 suppresses catabolic effects of interleukin-1β through α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins in nucleus pulposus cells: implications in intervertebral disc degeneration,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 289, no. 11, pp. 7374–7387, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Lin, X. Yang, W. Liu et al., “Chemerin has a protective role in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the expression of IL-6 and GM-CSF and MDSC accumulation,” Oncogene, vol. 36, no. 25, pp. 3599–3608, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Zhang, S. Chu, P. Agarwal et al., “Inhibition of interleukin-1 signaling enhances elimination of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-treated CML stem cells,” Blood, vol. 128, no. 23, pp. 2671–2682, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Hossain, Y. Abe, F. Ali et al., “Reduction of ether-type glycerophospholipids, plasmalogens, by NF-κB signal leading to microglial activation,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 37, no. 15, pp. 4074–4092, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Gendelman, H. Xing, O. K. Mirzoeva et al., “Bayesian network inference modeling identifies TRIB1 as a novel regulator of cell-cycle progression and survival in cancer cells,” Cancer Research, vol. 77, no. 7, pp. 1575–1585, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Chang, D. H. Kim, J. K. Roh et al., “Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BARF1 promotes proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells through regulation of NF-κB,” Journal of Virology, vol. 87, no. 19, pp. 10515–10523, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Legras, N. Pécuchet, S. Imbeaud et al., “Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and microRNAs in lung cancer,” Cancers, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 101, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhu, X. Cheng, J. Shi et al., “Crosstalk between bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts and gastric cancer cells regulates cancer stemness and promotes tumorigenesis,” Oncogene, vol. 35, no. 41, pp. 5388–5399, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Shibata, H. Ariyama, C. B. Westphalen et al., “Stromal cell-derived factor-1 overexpression induces gastric dysplasia through expansion of stromal myofibroblasts and epithelial progenitors,” Gut, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 192–200, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Oshima, A. Matsunaga, T. Fujimura, T. Tsukamoto, M. M. Taketo, and M. Oshima, “Carcinogenesis in mouse stomach by simultaneous activation of the Wnt signaling and prostaglandin E2 pathway,” Gastroenterology, vol. 131, no. 4, pp. 1086–1095, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. J. Stuart, G. Singhal, and B. T. Baune, “Systematic review of the neurobiological relevance of chemokines to psychiatric disorders,” Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 9, p. 357, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Abildgaard, B. Elfving, M. Hokland, G. Wegener, and S. Lund, “Probiotic treatment reduces depressive-like behaviour in rats independently of diet,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 79, pp. 40–48, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. M. Norden, S. Bicer, Y. Clark et al., “Tumor growth increases neuroinflammation, fatigue and depressive-like behavior prior to alterations in muscle function,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 43, pp. 76–85, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Bakunina, C. M. Pariante, and P. A. Zunszain, “Immune mechanisms linked to depression via oxidative stress and neuroprogression,” Immunology, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 365–373, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Vavakova, Z. Durackova, and J. Trebaticka, “Markers of oxidative stress and neuroprogression in depression disorder,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2015, Article ID 898393, 12 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Tianhe Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1579

Downloads

1295

Citations