Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) and Its Main Compounds

Table 4

Some of the information about the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of B. vulgaris.

Part of plant	Fraction or isolated compounds	Model	Disease model	Tissue	Effect	Dose	Refs.
Whole plant	Berberine	In vivo	Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice	Spleen, liver, or kidney	↓ Th1/Th2 cytokines	50, 150, 500 mg	[52]
Whole plant	Berberine	In vitro	Normal	Human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts	↓ Inflammatory cytokine	5 μM	[47]
Whole plant	Berberine	In vitro	Normal	Primary splenocytes in mice	↓ TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10	0.8, 1.6, 3.3 μM	[46]
Root	Berberine	In vitro	Arthritis and Candida albicans infection	Spleen	↑ Joint inflammation, C. albicans infection not affected	5, 10 mg	[41]
Root	Berberine	In vivo	Normal	NM	Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory	20, 40, 80, 160 mg/kg	[53]
Whole plant	Berberine	In vivo, in vitro	Normal	Splenic macrophages and dendritic cell	↓ IL-4, ↑ IL-12, ↑ IFN-γ	100 μg	[54]
Fruit	Berberine	In vivo	Acute and chronic inflammation in male rat	Groin border of rats	↑ Light absorption of peritoneal fluid, ↓ chronic inflammation, ↓ chronic pain	75, 150, 300 mg/kg	[55]
Root	Berberine, oxyacanthine	In vivo and in vitro	Paw edema in mice	Splenocytes	↓ Delayed type hypersensitivity	20, 100, 200	[28]
Fruit	Berberine	In vitro	Normal	Human peripheral lymphocytes	↓ CD69	25, 50, 100 μmol/L	[56]
NM	Berberine	In vivo, in vitro	Normal	Splenic dendritic cell	↑ Apoptosis in DC	1, 50 mg/kg	[51]
Root	Berberine	In vitro	Immunodeficiency	Splenic dendritic cell and splenocytes	↑ IL-12, ↑ IFN-γ, ↑ CD11c	100 μg/mL	[57]
NM	Berbamine	In vivo, in vitro	Autoimmune encephalomyelitis	Splenocyte	↓ IFN-γ	50 mg/kg	[58]
NM	Berberine	In vivo	Autoimmune encephalomyelitis	Spinal cord	↓ Th17, ↓ NF-κB	200 mg/kg	[59]
NM	Berberine	In vivo	Autoimmune neuritis	Lymph node mononuclear cells	↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-10	20 and 130 mg/kg	[60]
NM	Berberine	In vivo	Type 1 diabetic mice	Splenocyte	↓ STAT1, ↓ STAT4, ↓ Th17	200 mg/kg	[42]
NM	Berberine	In vivo	Normal	Splenocyte	↑ IL-12p40	1 μg/mL	[61]
NM	Berberine	In vivo	Autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis	Kidney	↓ CD3+, ↓ CD4+, ↓ CD8+, ↓ TIN	10 mg/kg	[48]
NM	Berberine	In vivo	Dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced intestinal injury and colitis in mice	Colon	↓ TNF, ↓ IFN-γ, ↓ KC, ↓ IL-17	100 mg/kg	[49]
NM	Berberine	In vivo	Autoimmune encephalomyelitis	Brain	↓ TUNEL-positive neuronal cells, ↓ gelatinase activity, ↓ laminin degradation	30 mg/kg	[50]
Root	Berberine	In vivo	Toxoplasma gondii infection	Peritoneal fluid	Treatment of parasitic infection such as acute toxoplasmosis	1, 2 g/kg	[62]
Fruit	Berberine	In vitro	Bacterial vaginosis	Vagina	Treatment of bacterial vaginosis	0.75%, 2%, 5%	[63]

NM: not mentioned.