Melatonin and Caffeine Supplementation Used, Respectively, as Protective and Stimulating Agents in the Cryopreservation of Human Sperm Improves Survival, Viability, and Motility after Thawing compared to Traditional TEST-Yolk Buffer

Table 2

Mean, standard deviation (SD), and minimum and maximum (min–max) values in postthaw samples without supplementation (CONT), and postthaw samples supplemented with melatonin (MEL), caffeine (CAF), or melatonin+caffeine (MC).

	CONT	CAF	MEL	CM	value
					CONT vs. CAF	CONT vs. MEL	CONT vs. CM
Concentration (million/ml)
Mean; SD	18.13; 11.94	18.19; 10.82	21.05; 14.83	21.62; 14.90	0.662	0.497	0.166
Min–max	1.90-45.00	4.00-39.00	5.00-69.00	5.00-67.00
Progressive motility (%)
Mean; SD	7.50; 2.71	13.27; 2.62	9.49; 8.28	16.54; 13.25	0.005	0.980	0.048
Min–max	0.00-50.00	0.00-50.00	0.00-23.70	0.00-44.00
Total motility (%)
Mean; SD	16.13; 12.27	20.24; 13.02	19.94; 11.84	24.80; 15.08	0.466	0.813	0.078
Min–max	0.00-50.00	0.00-50.00	5.00-40.00	0.00-50.00
Curvilinear velocity (VCL)(μm/s)
Mean; SD	29.47; 20.27	41.53; 20.71	37.81; 18.43	46.38; 21.87	0.999	1.000	0.626
Min–max	0.00-64.33	15.33-109.11	15.49-60.45	13.84-97.63
Straight-line velocity (VSL) (μm/s)
Mean; SD	7.61; 8.97	10.67; 6.16	7.80; 5.48	16.62; 19.03	1.000	0.961	0.729
Min–max	0.00-32.58	0.82-21.43	2.69-14.82	0.70-58.22
Average path velocity (VAP) (μm/s)
Mean; SD	14.12; 11.43	19.47; 10.30	16.85; 10.14	26.09; 18.09	1.000	0.989	0.462
Min–max	24.23-58.46	2.47-49.14	7.20-29.33	1.55-59.23
Linearity (LIN) (%)
Mean; SD	20.34; 15.01	24.44; 5.00	18.51; 5.16	30.81; 23.28	1.000	0.899	0.693
Min–max	0.00-63.19	5.36-29.92	12.71-26.48	5.09-83.11
Straightness (STR) (%)
Mean; SD	21.86; 18.63	52.69; 7.04	43.45; 6.28	54.38; 19.85	1.000	0.917	0.926
Min–max	0.00-67.61	33.33-59.34	36.74-56.31	40.31-98.30
Wobble (WOB) (%)
Mean; SD	41.90; 15.62	45.68; 5.54	42.17; 6.37	52.25; 14.85	0.946	0.866	0.669
Min–max	0.00-72.50	16.08-52.87	34.61-49.23	11.18-84.55
Hyperactivity (%)
Mean; SD	2.47; 6.83	2.37; 1.80	0.78; 0.90	1.23; 1.61	0.995	0.929	0.966
Min–max	0.00-25.00	0.00-5.36	0.00-2.41	0.00-9.09
DNA fragmentation (%)
Mean; SD	47.93; 18.09	43.67; 18.00	45.07; 22.56	44.13; 23.26	0.901	0.995	0.988
Min–max	11.00-92.00	9.00-96.00	10.00-97.00	11.00-97.00
DAB I (%)
Mean; SD	9.43; 7.23	13.18; 10.35	11.68; 10.60	19.14; 13.44	0.155	0.526	0.001
Min–max	0.00-23.00	0.00-36.00	0.00-42.00	3.00-48.00
DAB II (%)
Mean; SD	51.48; 12.18	52.82; 11.07	51.45; 13.65	53.23; 12.88	0.902	1.000	0.945
Min–max	28.00-71.00	31.00-72.00	7.00-69.00	20.00-73.00
DAB III (%)
Mean; SD	21.19; 7.84	19.45; 8.03	19.54; 10.74	17.77; 6.62	0.846	0.967	0.230
Min–max	3.00-24.00	2.00-35.00	8.00-63.00	5.00-33.00
DAB IV (%)
Mean; SD	18.04; 10.94	16.36; 10.26	17.31; 5.59	10.00; 5.51	0.580	0.489	<0.001
Min–max	3.00-42.00	2.00-45.00	0.00-34.00	4.00-24.00
ROS level (10^4 cpm/ sperm)
Mean; SD	3.22; 4.94	2.95; 4.43	1.81; 2.17	2.52; 2.57	1.00	0.849	0.998
Min–max	0.03-19.53	0.02-17.95	0.00-12.73	0.00-9.74

DAB: mitochondrial activity grade; ROS: radical oxygen species. Values in bold are statistically significant () based on ANOVA and the Holm-Sidak post hoc test.