Active Essential Oils and Their Components in Use against Neglected Diseases and Arboviruses

Table 1

Active EOs against Leishmania species.

Plant family	Plant specie	Plant origin	Part of plant	Major constituents (%)	LC50/Leishmania specie (evolutive form)	SI	Ref.
Rutaceae	Ruta chalepensis	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	2-Undecanone (162) (84.28%)	8.16 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 1.13 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	1.57 for L. major and 2.7 for L. infantum^a	[143]
Umbelliferae	Pituranthos tortuosus	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	nd	0.64 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 0.66 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	0.78 for L. major and 0.76 for L. infantum^a	[143]
Cyperaceae	Cyperus rotundus	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	nd	1.40 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 0.55 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	0.09 for L. major and 0.23 for L. infantum^a	[143]
Cupressaceae	Tetraclinis articulata	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	nd	>8 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 3.31 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	0.25 for L. major and 0.6 for L. infantum^a	[143]
Pinaceae	Pinus halepensis	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	nd	2.23 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 1.92 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	0.61 for L. major and 0.94 for L. infantum^a	[143]
Fabaceae	Copaifera reticulata	Brazil/Pará State	Trunks	β-Caryophyllene (22) (40.9%)	5.0 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote); 15.0 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (axenic amastigote); 20.0 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (intracellular amastigote)	8.0 for promastigote and 2.5 for axenic amastigote	[153]
	Copaifera multijuga	Brazil/Amazonas State	Trunks	β-Caryophyllene (22) (57.5%); Copalic acid (164) (6.2%)	10.0 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote)	nd	[153]
	Vouacapoua americana	French Guiana	Wood	nd	7.2 μg/mL/L. amazonensis (axenic amastigote)	5.0	[190]
	Copaifera ssp. (C1) commercial oil	Brazil/Acre State	nd	trans-β-Caryophyllene (22) (44.23%); α-Humulene (136) (7.29); Caryophyllene oxide (38) (10.17)	2.9 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (amastigote)	29.3	[157]
	Copaifera ssp. (C4) commercial oil	Brazil/Pará State	nd	trans-β-Caryophyllene (22) (36.46%); Copalic acid (164) (7.62%); Germacrene D (24) (4.56%)	2.3 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (amastigote)	40.1	[157]
Lamiaceae	Satureja punctata	Inchini/Addis Abada	Leaves	Geranial (6) (27.62%); Neral (7) (21.72%); α-Bisabolol (165) (13.62%)	156.5 μg.mL^−1/L. donovani (promastigote); 312.5 μg.mL^−1/L. aethiopica (promastigote); 8.70 μg.mL^−1/L. donovani; (axenic amastigote); 4.06 μg.mL^−1/L. aethiopica; (axenic amastigote)	0.001 for L. donovani and; 0.05 for L. aethiopica	[159]
	Thymus hirtus sp. Algeriensis	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	Linalool (3) (17.62%); Camphor (14) (13.82%); Terpinen-4-ol (103) (6.80%)	0.43 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 0.25 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	0.19 for L. major and 1.34 for L. infantum^a	[143]
	Rosmarinus officinalis	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	nd	>8 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 3.05 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	0.09 for L. major and 0.23 for L. infantum^a	[143]
	Teucrium alopecurus	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	nd	1.14 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 0.30 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	0.05 for L. major and 0.21 for L. infantum^a	[143]
	Lavandula multifida	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	nd	>8 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); >8 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	nd	[143]
	Lavandula stoechas	Morocco/Province of Quezzane	Aerial parts	Fenchone (166) (31.81%); Camphor (14) (29.60%); Terpineol (111) (13.1%)	0.9 μg/mL/L. major (promastigote); 7 μg/mL/L. infantum (promastigote)	nd	[171]
	Origanum compactum Benth	Morocco/Province of Quezzane	Aerial parts (vegetative, flowering and post-flowering)	p-Cymene (11) (17.81–19.24%); Thymol (1) (15.32-38.01%); Carvacrol (10) (6.39–43.58%)	0.13–0.26 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 0.02–0.12 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote); 0.22–0.72 μg.mL^−1/L. tropica (promastigote)	nd	[173]
	Mentha pulegium	Morocco/Province of Quezzane	Aerial parts	Pulegone (128) (40.98%); Menthone (132) (21.164%)	1.3 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 2 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote); 2.2 μg.mL^−1/L. tropica (promastigote)	nd	[172]
	Rosmarinus officinalis	Morocco/Province of Quezzane	Aerial parts	1,8-Cineole (124) (23.673%); Camphor (14) (18.743%); Borneol (112) (15.46%)	2.6 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 1.2 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote); 3.5 μg.mL^−1/L. tropica (promastigote)	nd	[172]
	Tetradenia riparia	Brazil/Paraná State	Leaves	Summer; Fenchone (166) (5.54%); α-Cadinol (53) (16.91%); 14-Hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (167) (15.28%);	Summer; 15.67 ng.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote)	Summer; 94.19	[191]
				Winter; α-Cadinol (53) (14.82%); 14-Hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (167) (10.23%); Dehydroroyleanone (168) (20.47%)	Winter; 13.31 ng.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote)	Winter; 76.80
				Autumn; α-Cadinol (53) (17.16%); 14-Hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (167) (13.10%); Dehydroroyleanone (168) (16.50%).	Autumn; 15.66 ng.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote)	Autumn; 25.01
				Spring; α-Cadinol (53) (13.81%); 14-Hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (167) (12.70%); 6,7-Dehydroroyleanone (168) (12.51%)	Spring; 15.47 ng.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote)	Spring; 67.51
	Tetradenia riparia	Brazil/Paraná State	Leaves	nd	0.03 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote)	5.67	[192]
	Tetradenia riparia	Brazil/Paraná State	Leaves	nd	30.0 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (intracellular amastigote)	nd	[175]
	Teucrium polium	Northern Tunisia	Aerial parts	Carvacrol (10) (56.06%); β -Caryophyllene (22) (7.68%); α-Pinene (118) (5.02%)	0.09 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (Promastigotes); 0.15 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigotes)	40.44 for L. infantum; and 24.26 for L. major	[174]
	Salvia officinalis	Northern Tunisia	Aerial parts	nd	2.67 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (Promastigote); 3.4 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote)	7.54 for L. infantum; and 5.92 for L. major	[174]
	Thymus hirtus	Northern Tunisia	Aerial parts	α-Pinene (118) (16.93%)	5.90 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (Promastigote); 8.8 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote)	24.78 for L. infantum; and 16.61 for L. major	[174]
Asteraceae	Artemisia absinthium L.	Inchini/Addis Abada	Leaves	Camphor (14) (27.40%); Davanone (169) (16.43%); Ethyl(E)-cinnamate (170) (5.81%)	0.15 μg.mL^−1/L. donovani (promastigote); 0.15 μg.mL^−1/L. aethiopica (promastigote); 42.0 μg.mL^−1/L. donovani; (axenic amastigote); 7.94 μg.mL^−1/L. aethiopica; (axenic amastigote)	3.6 for L. donovani and 19.2 for L. aethiopica	[158]
	Echinops kebericho Mesfin	Inchini/Addis Abada	Tubers	Dehydrocostus lactone (171) (41.83%); β-Phellandrene (106) (10.84%); Germacrene B (151) (5.38%)	0.07 μg.mL^−1/L. donovani (promastigote); 0.00097 μg.mL^−1/L. aethiopica (promastigote); 0.50 μg.mL^−1/L. donovani; (axenic amastigote); 0.24 μg.mL^−1/L. aethiopica; (axenic amastigote)	0.8 for L. donovani and 1.7 for L. aethiopica	[158]
	Achillea millefolium	Brazil/Paraná State	Leaves and flowers	nd	7.8 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote); 6.5 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (intracellular amastigote)	9.2 for promastigote and 11.0 for intracellular amastigote	[161]
	Matricaria chamomilla	USA/Clackamas	Flowers	nd	10.30 μg.mL^−1/L. braziliensis; (intracellular amastigote); 2.87 μg.mL^−1/L. panamensis; (intracellular amastigote); 230 μg.mL^−1/L. braziliensis; (axenic amastigote)	2.93 for L. braziliensis intracellular amastigote, 10.52 for L. panamensis intracellular amastigote, and 0.14 for L. braziliensis axenic amastigote	[193]
	Pulicaria gnaphalodes	Iran/Tabas region	Aerial parts	1,8-Cineole (124) (9.45%); α-Pinene (118) (3.81%); α-Terpineol (111) (3.63%)	0.27 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote)	nd	[194]
	Vanillosmopsis arborea Baker	Brazil/Ceará State	Stems	α-Bisabolol (165) (97.9%); o-Methyl eugenol (172) (1.6%); Bisabolol oxide (173) (0.5%)	7.35 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote); 12.58 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (intracellular amastigote)	11.52	[183]
	Artemisia herba alba	Northern Tunisia	Aerial parts	nd	1.22 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote); 2.78 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote)	7.21 for L. infantum; and 3.16 for L. major	[174]
	Artemisia campestris			α-Pinene (118) (24.98%)	3.24 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote); 4.59 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote)	24.87 for L. infantum; and 17.55 for L. major	[174]
	Mikania micrantha	French Guiana		nd	6.8 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (axenic amastigote)	7.0	[190]
	Artemisia annua	Jamia Hamdard	Leaves	Camphor (14) (52.06%); β-Caryophyllene (22) (10.95%); 1,8-Cineole (124) (5.57%)	14.63 μg.mL^−1/L. donovani (promastigote); 7.3 μg.mL^−1/L. donovani; (Intracellular amastigote)		[163]
Myrtaceae	Eugenia uniflora L.	Brazil/São Luís State	Leaves	Curzerene (146) (47.3%); γ-Elemene (152) (14.25%); trans-β-Elemenone (174) (10.4%)	3.04 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote); 1.92 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (amastigote)	14.9 for promastigote and 23.9 for amastigote	[163]
	Myrtus communis	nd	Aerial parts	α-Pinene (118) (52.52%)	4.58 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote); 6.28 μg/mL/L. major (promastigote)	27.86 for L. infantum; and 20.31 for L. major	[174]
	Eucalyptus globulus	Tunisia/Sned region	Aerial parts	nd	0.98 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote); 0.68 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote)	0.27 for L. major and 0.38 for L. infantum^a	[143]
	Myrtus communis	Kerman province	Leaves	α-Pinene (118) (24.7%); 1,8-Cineole (124) (19.6%); Linalool (3) (12.6%)	8.4 μg/mL/L. tropica (promastigote); 11.6 μg/mL/L. tropica (amastigote)	11.7	[195]
Euphorbiaceae	Croton cajucara	Brazil/Amazonas State	Leaves	Linalool (3)	8.3 ng.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote); 15.5 ng.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (amastigote)	nd	[162]
	Croton pedicellatus	Tolima	Leaves	Borneol (112); γ-Terpinene (64); Germacrene D (24); trans-β-Caryophyllene (22)	46.68 μg.mL^−1/L. panamensis (amastigote); 7.14 μg.mL^−1/L. panamensis (promastigote); 19.77 μg.mL^−1/L. braziliensis; (amastigote); 19.65 μg.mL^−1/L. braziliensis (promastigote)	0.83 for L. panamensis (amastigotes), 1.30 for L. panamensis (promastigotes), 0.47 for L. braziliensis (amastigotes), and 0.47 for L. braziliensis (promastigotes)	[196]
Poaceae	Cymbopogon citratus	Brazil/Paraná State	Leaves	Citral (63); Geranial (6) (42.2%); Neral (7) (36.3%)	1.7 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote); 3.2 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (amastigote)	14.7 for promastigote and 7.8 for amastigote	[167]
	Cymbopogon citratus	French Guiana	Leaves	nd	5.3 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (axenic amastigote)	5.0	[188]
Piperaceae	Piper angustifolium Lam.	Brazil/Mato Grosso do Sul State	Leaves	Spathulenol (108) (23.78%) Caryophyllene oxide (38) (13.06%)	1.43 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum; (intracellular amastigote)	22.15	[170]
	Piper hispidum (Piperaceae)	French Guiana	Leaves	Curzerene (146) (15.7%),; Germacrene B (151) (10.9%); α-Selinene (175) (10.5%)	3.4 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (axenic amastigote); 4.7 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (intracellular amastigote)	11.0 for axenic amastigote and 8.0 for intracellular amastigotes-	[188]
Annonaceae	Annona foetida	Brazil/Amazonas State	Leaves	Bicyclogermacrene (23) (35.12%); (E)-Caryophyllene (22) (14.19%); α-Copaene (113) (8.19%)	16.2 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote); 9.9 μg.mL^−1/L. braziliensis (promastigote); 27.2 μg.mL^−1/L. chagasi (promastigote); 4.1 μg.mL^−1/L. guyanensis (promastigote)	nd	[197]
	Xylopia discreta	Colombia/Municipality of Barrancabermeja	Leaves	α- and β-Pyrene (176); Camphene (15); β-Myrcene (61); 1,8-Cineol (128)	^b and 6.25^cμg.mL^−1/L. panamensis (promastigote)^b	11.0^b and 25.6^c	[198]
Verbenaceae	Lippia citriodora	Antioquia	Aerial parts	Limonene (8) (8.4%); Neral (7) (15.0%); Geranial (6) (17.5%)	5.2 μg.mL^−1/L. chagasi (promastigote)	nd	[56]
	Lippia origanoides	Cauca/Mercaderes	Aerial parts	p-Cymene (11) (11.5%); Thymol (1) (53.6%)	4.4 μg.mL^−1/L. chagasi (promastigote)	nd	[56]
	Lantana camara	Brazil/Minas Gerais State	Leaves	Germacrene-D (24) (24.90%); (E)-Caryophyllene (22) (14.31%); (E,E)-Farnesene (117) (11.58%)	0.25 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote); 18 μg.mL^−1/L. chagasi; (promastigote)	LC50 10 μg/mL and CC50 4 μg/mL	[145]
Apiaceae	Ferula communis	Northern Tunisia	Aerial parts	β-Caryophyllene (22) (15.22%); Myrcene (61) (10.33%); α-Eudesmol (177) (9.8%)	0.05 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote); 0.11 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote)	81.60 for L. infantum; 37.09 for L. major	[174]
Geraniaceae	Pelargonium graveolens	Northern Tunisia	Aerial parts	Citronellol (51) (24.75%); Geraniol (6) (13.99%); γ-Eudesmol (150) (11.23%)	0.11 μg.mL^−1/L. infantum (promastigote); 0.28 μg.mL^−1/L. major (promastigote)	57.36 for L. infantum; 22.53 for L. major	[174]
Burseraceae	Protium ovatum	Brazil/Goiás State	Leaves	Spathulenol (108) (17.6%); Caryophyllene oxide (38) (16.4%); β-Caryophyllene (22) (14.0%)	2.28 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote)	nd	[199]
	Protium heptaphyllum	French Guiana	Fruits	nd	3.7 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (axenic amastigote)	19.0	[188]
Scrophulariaceae	Achetaria guianensis	French Guiana	Leaves and stems	nd	6.3 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (axenic amastigote)	5.0	[188]
Plantaginaceae	Otacanthus azureus	French Guiana	Aerial parts	nd	0.7 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (axenic amastigote); 16.1 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (intracellular amastigote)	51.0 for axenic amastigote and 2.0 for intracellular amastigote	[188]
Chenopodiaceae	Chenopodium ambrosioides	Havana City	Aerial parts	Carvacrol (10) (62.36%); Ascaridole (37) (22.54%)	/L. amazonensis (promastigote); /L. amazonensis (amastigote)	15.0	[120]
	Chenopodium ambrosioides	Havana City	Aerial parts	nd	/L. donovani (promastigote); /L. donovani (amastigote)	nd	[177]
	Chenopodium ambrosioides	Havana City	Aerial parts	nd	3.74 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis (promastigote)	nd	[176]
Bixaceae	Bixa orellana L.	Havana City	Fruits	Ishwarane (178) (18.6%); Geranylgeraniol (5) (9.1%); Bicyclogermacrene (23) (8.4%)	8.54 μg.mL^−1/L. amazonensis; (amastigote)	7.0	[181]

^aSI calculated as IC₈₀/IC₅₀. ^bMurine infection assay (J774 cells infected with L. panamensis). ^cHuman infection assay (U937 cells infected with L. panamensis). nd: not determined.