Review Article

The Bioprotective Effects of Polyphenols on Metabolic Syndrome against Oxidative Stress: Evidences and Perspectives

Table 1

Summary of the classification, composition, and main sources of polyphenols.

ClassificationsSubclassesCompositionsMain sources

FlavonoidsFlavonolsFlavonols, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetinOnions, shallots, spinach, green and black tea, dark chocolate, various fruits, vegetables, nuts
FlavonesApigenin, luteolin, tangeretin, nobiletin, wogonin, baicaleinCelery, parsley, some herbs, rooibos tea, citrus species, onion, garlic, pepper, Thai chili, citrus fruits, scutellaria, passiflora
IsoflavonesDaidzein, genistein, glycitenLeguminous plants, soybeans and soy products
FlavanonesNaringenin, hesperetin, naringin, neohesperidin, rutinosides, narirutin, hesperidinFlavedo of citrus fruits, bitter oranges, grapefruit, tomatoes, lemon, mandarin and grapefruit
AnthocyaninsPelargonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, petunidin, malvidinBerries, cherries, red grapes, currants, red wines, oranges, the black varieties of soybeans, rice, beans, onions, potatoes, cabbage
Flavan-3-ols(+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epiafzelechin, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallateGreen tea, fruits, berries, cereals, nuts, chocolate, red wine
Minor subclass of flavonoidsChalconesTomatoes, licorice, shallots, and bean sprouts
Dihydrochalcones (phloridzin, aspalathin, nothofagin)Apples and apple products, rooibos tea
AuronesVegetables and fruits
Dihydroflavonols, flavan-3,4-diolsBiosynthetic intermediates of the flavonols and anthocyanins

NonflavonoidsPhenolic acidsHydroxybenzoic acids, gallic acid, protocatechuic acidGallotannins, raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, pomegranate, persimmon, walnuts, hazelnuts, grapes, wine, green and black teas, mangoes
Hydroxycinnamic acidsCaffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acidFlesh of grapes, blueberries, kiwis, plums, cherries, apples, coffee
StilbenesResveratrolRed wines, grapes, peanuts, peanut products, plums, pine nuts
LignansSyringaresinol, ecoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, medioresinol, pinoresinol, lariciresinoLinseed, algae, leguminous plants, cereals, vegetables, fruits
Other polyphenolsCurcuminTurmeric