Role of Nrf2 and Its Activators in Respiratory Diseases

Table 1

The effects of major Nrf2 activators on different respiratory diseases.

Nrf2 activator	Respiratory disease	Effects	Ref.
Curcumin	BPD	Attenuates hyperoxic lung injury in newborn rats	[46, 47]
	IAV infection	Inactivates IAV and inhibits IAV-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and IAV replication	[71]
	Lung cancer	Exerts anti-initiating effects in B(a)P-treated mice	[167]
Derivative BHBA	Lung cancer	Counteracts As(III)-induced cytoxicity in lung epithelial cells and inhibits tumor formation in vinyl carbamate-induced lung cancer	[169]
Sulforaphane	BPD	Inhibits hyperoxia-induced lung inflammation in neonatal mice	[48]
	RSV infection	Limits lung RSV replication and acute inflammation	[57]
	IAV infection	Inhibits oxidative stress and viral replication	[68]
	ARDS	Exerts protective effects on LPS and oleic acid-induced ARDS murine model	[95, 96]
	COPD	Counteracts CSE-induced oxidative injury in alveolar epithelial cells and augments bacteria phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages	[112, 113]
	Asthma	Inhibits DEPs-stimulated inflammation in airway epithelial cells, suppresses ovalbumin and Cl2-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice, and improves bronchoprotective response against MCh in asthmatics	[128–131]
	IPF	Provides antifibrosis effects in IPF fibroblasts even under TGF-β stimulation	[144]
	Lung cancer	Exerts suppressive effects on B(a)P-initiated lung carcinogenesis in mice and inhibits ROS production and malignant cell transformation in untransformed BEAS-2BR cells, but alleviates apoptosis resistance in cadmium-transformed BEAS-2BR cells	[164, 165]
tBHQ	RSV infection	Rescues decrease in Nrf2 activation induced by RSV	[56]
	ARDS	Protects against LPS-induced lung injury via regulating polarization of macrophages and balance of pro- or anti-inflammatory factors	[91]
Resveratrol	Pneumococcal infection	Ameliorates pneumococcal-induced oxidative stress in the airway epithelium	[75]
	ARDS	Protects against LPS-induced ARDS	[97]
	COPD	Protects against CS-induced lung injury	[118]
CDDO-Im	ARDS	Inhibits lung injury in hyperoxia and aspiration-induced ARDS	[92]
	COPD	Mitigates CS-induced lung oxidative stress, tissue destruction, emphysema development, and even pulmonary hypertension in mice	[110]
	Lung cancer	Reduces number, size, and severity of tumors in vinyl carbamate-induced lung carcinogenesis	[170]
Analogue CDDO-Me	Lung cancer	Reduces number, size, and severity of tumors more potently in vinyl carbamate-induced lung carcinogenesis	[170]
Andrographolide	COPD	Protects lung from CS-induced oxidative injury and suppresses NTHi-increased inflammatory and oxidative lung injury in a CS-predisposed mouse model that imitates COPD exacerbation	[115, 116]
Vitamin E	Asthma	Protects against IgE-induced asthma and alleviates asthma exacerbation stimulated by ozone in the OVA-induced murine model	[134, 135]
Isoform γ-tocotrienol	COPD	Protects against lung injury induced by CS	[120]
Emodin	IAV infection	Inhibits IAV-induced oxidative stress/inflammation and viral replication	[72]
	IPF	Suppresses BLM-induced fibrotic lung injuries in rats and reverses recombinant TGF-β1-stimulated EMT-like shifts in alveolar epithelial cultured cells	[145]
Quercetin	IPF	Induces antioxidant defense and suppresses inflammation in bleomycin-challenged BEAS-2B cells and inhibits TGF-β-induced fibrosis in fibroblasts	[146, 147]