Inhibition of cAMP/PKA Pathway Protects Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes against Oxidative Stress by Akt/Bax Phosphorylation-Mediated Mfn1/2 Oligomerization

Figure 1

Mitochondrial fission and loss in the ONH astrocytes of the glial lamina in glaucomatous DBA/2J mice. (a) A representative SBEM micrograph showing normal healthy morphology of astrocytes, axons, and a blood vessel in the glial lamina of aged matched nonglaucomatous control D2-Gpnmb⁺ mice. (b) A representative SBEM micrograph showing a significant loss of astrocytic processes and axonal degeneration as well as basement membrane thickening and collagen deposition in the blood vessels in the glial lamina of glaucomatous DBA/2J mice. (c–e) Representative 3D reconstruction micrographs showed separated (red) and branched (green) mitochondria, as well as the nucleus (blue) in ONH astrocyte somas in both groups. Scale bars, 10 μm. (f) Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial number, lengths, and volume density as well as branched mitochondrial number in ONH astrocyte somas. Data are shown as the (SBEM, mice/group; ONH astrocytes/group). and denote and , respectively.

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