|
| Bioactive compounds | Models | Treatment | Effects | Specific mechanism of action | Reference |
|
| Polyphenols | | | | | |
| Resveratrol | PC12 cells | 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM, 2 h prior to the Aβ25–35, 24 or 48 h | ↑Cell viability
↓Aβ25–35-induced intracellular Ca2+ level
↓Cell apoptosis | ↑SIRT1
↓ROCK1 | [56] |
| Quercetin | Primary rat neuronal cells | Low dose: 5 and 10 μM,
High dose: 20 and 40 μM,
24 h | ↓Aβ1-42-induced apoptotic cell death and cell toxicity at low dose
↑Toxic at high dose | ↓Lipid peroxidation
↓Oxidative stress | [68] |
| Genistein | BV-2 microglia cells | 50 μM, 2 h before incubation with Aβ25–35, 24 h | ↑Cell viability
↓Aβ25–35-induced inflammatory damage | ↓The expression of TLR4, NF-κB,
↓The activity of NF-κB | [80] |
| EGCG | HEK-293 cells | 15 and 20 μM, 1-3 days | Convert large, mature amyloid-β fibrils into smaller, amorphous, and nontoxic aggregates | Directly binds to β-sheet-rich aggregates and mediates the conformational change | [103] |
| Hesperidin | Neuro-2A cells | 20 μM, 6 h pretreatment before exposure to Aβ1-42 | ↓Aβ-induced impairment of insulin signaling and glucose uptake | ↓Aβ-induced autophagy
↑IRS-PI3K-Akt signal transduction | [115] |
| Anthocyanins | Neuro-2A cells | 50 μM malvidin or ononin with Aβ, 48 h | ↓Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, cell cycle arrest | ↑Ca2+ homeostasis
↓Aβ-induced ROS | [125] |
| Curcumin | Macrophages from AD patients | 0.1 μM | ↓Aβ aggregates | ↑Aβ uptake by macrophages | [238] |
| Rutin | APPswe cells | 1, 5, and 10 μM | ↓The formation of Aβ fibrils and disaggregated Aβ fibrils
↓Neurotoxicity | Free-radical scavenger activity | [152] |
| Carotenoid | | | | | |
| Lycopene | Rat cortical neurons | 0.1, 1, 2, and 5 μM, 4 h pretreatment before exposure to Aβ | ↑Cell viability
↓Apoptotic rate | ↓Aβ-induced ROS
↓Mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization | [192] |
|
| Vitamins | | | | | |
| Vitamin A | — | 100, 150, and 250 μM retinoid acid | ↓Aβ42 and Aβ40 oligomerization
↓Cell toxicity | Specific binding of retinoic acid to the C-terminal portion of Aβ | [204] |
| Vitamin D | ROS 17/2.8 cell | 10−6, 10−8, 10−10, and 10−12 M, 6 h | ↑NGF expression | ↑AP-1 binding activity in the NGF promoter | [222] |
| Vitamin E | Rat cortical neurons | 1 mM of Trolox (vitamin E derivative) with Aβ | ↓Aβ-induced tau phosphorylation | ↓P38 MAPK | [231] |
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