Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 2

Effects of bioactive compounds on type 2 diabetes mellitus (in vitro studies).

Bioactive compounds	Models	Treatment	Effects	Specific mechanism of action	Reference
Polyphenols
Resveratrol	INS-1E, β cells, and human islets	25 μM, 24 h	↑Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; ↑Glucose metabolism; ↑Mitochondrial activation	↑The activation of SIRT1	[51]
Quercetin	L6 skeletal muscle cells, murine H4IIE cells, human HepG2 hepatocytes	50 μM, 18 h	↑Glucose uptake ↑GLUT4 translocation; ↓Hepatic glucose production	↑The activation of AMPK; ↓The activity of G6Pase	[61]
Genistein	INS-1 cells, human islets	0.1, 1, and 5 μM; 24 h	↑β-cell proliferation	↑cAMP/PKA-dependent ERK1/2 signaling pathway	[75]
EGCG	RIN5mF cells	20, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml, 24 h	↓Cytokine-induced β-cell destruction	↓NO; ↓iNOS expression through the inhibition of NF-κB activation	[90]
Hesperidin	Pancreatic islets cells	0.2 and 1 mg/ml, 24 h	↑Insulin synthesis and secretion; ↑Cell function	↓Oxidative stress induced by IL-1β	[109]
Anthocyanins	HepG2 cells	50, 100, and 250 μg/ml, 24 h	↓Insulin resistance; ↑Glucose uptake; ↑Glycogen content	↑PI3K/Akt pathways; ↓G6Pase, PEPCK activity	[121]
Curcumin	STZ-induced islets	10 μM, 24 h	↑Islet viability; ↑Insulin secretion	↓ROS, NO; ↓Poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1	[131]
Rutin	Rat soleus muscle	10 and 500 μM	↑Glucose uptake	Via the PI3K, atypical protein kinase C and MAPK pathways; ↑GLUT4 synthesis	[237]
Naringin	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM, 5 days	↓High-glucose-induced damage	↑Mitochondrial function; ↓Expression of CX3CL1	[161]
Vitamins
Vitamin A	Fetal and adult rats’ pancreatic islets	10^−6 M retinoic acid, 24 h	↑Insulin mRNA level; ↑Insulin secretion	↑Glucokinase through activation of glucokinase promoter	[198]
Vitamin D	Rat RINm5F, human islets	10^−6 or 10^−8 M 1,25(OH)2D3, 48 h	↓Cytokine-induced apoptosis	↑Antiapoptotic A20 gene; ↓NF-κB	[215]
Vitamin E	Alloxan-treated mice pancreatic islets	0.01 and 0.1 mM α-tocopherol with glucose	↑Insulin secretion	↓Oxidative stress; ↓Apoptosis	[54]