Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 3

Effects of bioactive compounds on type 2 diabetes mellitus (in vivo studies).

Bioactive compounds	Models	Treatment	Effects	Specific mechanism of action	Reference
Polyphenols
Resveratrol	db/db mice	20 mg/kg/day, 12 weeks	↓Glucose tolerance; ↓Pancreatic islet fibrosis; ↑Islet mass	↓Oxidative stress	[228]
Quercetin	STZ-induced diabetic rats	50 mg/kg/day, orally for 6 weeks	↓Diabetes-induced hypertension and vasoconstriction	↓TNF-α, CRP, NF-κB	[47]
Genistein	STZ-induced diabetic rats	250 mg/kg of diet, 6 weeks	↓STZ-induced hyperglycemia; ↑Blood insulin level; ↑Glucose tolerance	↑β-cell proliferation; ↓β-cell apoptosis	[75]
EGCG	Male db/db mice	250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg of diet, 5 weeks or orally by gavage 30 or 100 mg/kg/d	↑Blood insulin level; ↑Glucose tolerance; ↓Blood glucose	↑mRNA expression of glucokinase; ↓mRNA expression of PEPCK, G6Pase, and fatty acid synthase; ↑Pancreatic function	[93]
Hesperidin	HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats	50 mg/kg/day, orally for 4 weeks	↓HbA1c, glucose level; ↑Serum insulin level	↑Antioxidants (vitamin C and vitamin E) and GSH; ↓NO, TNF-α, and IL-6	[109]
Anthocyanins	STZ-induced diabetic rats	One-time i.p. injection 3 mg/kg bodyweight	↑Blood insulin level; ↑Glucose tolerance; ↓Blood glucose; ↓Oxidative stress	↓Hemoglobin glycation, iron-mediated free radical reactions; ↑Hemoglobin-mediated iron release	[122]
Curcumin	STZ-induced diabetic rats	100 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks	↓Body weight, glucose; ↑Blood insulin level; ↓Pancreatic β-cell damage	↓TNF-α, IL1-β, and IFN-γ; ↑Nrf-2, HO-1, and GLUT2; ↓ER/mitochondrial-related apoptosis	[133]
Rutin	S961-treated C57BL/6 mice	Oral gavaged (25 mg/kg body weight) and metformin (100 mg/kg body weight)	↓Blood glucose	↑IRK activity; ↑GLUT4 translocation	[147]
Naringin	STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats	100 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks	↓Blood glucose; ↓Total lipid, triglycerides, and total cholesterol	↑G6Pase activity; ↑Insulin receptor, GLUT4, and adiponectin; ↓Oxidative stress	[159]
Naringenin	STZ-induced diabetic rats	100 mg/kg body weight for 15 days	↓Blood glucose; ↓Total lipid, triglycerides, and LDL and VLDL; ↓Oxidative stress	↑Expression of GLUT4 and PPARγ	[172]
Carotenoid
Lycopene	STZ-induced diabetic rats	10, 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg body weight for 30 days	↑Blood insulin level; ↓Blood glucose; ↓Total lipid, triglycerides, and total cholesterol	↑Activities of antioxidant enzymes; ↓NO, H2O2	[185]
Vitamins
Vitamin A	High-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced obese mouse	Direct pipetting (0.16 mg RA/50 μl in oil) into the mouths	↓Adipose lipid stores; ↑Muscle mitochondrial content; ↑Glucose tolerance; ↓Insulin resistance	↑PPARβ/δ expression; ↑RAR expression	[200]
Vitamin D	Alloxan-induced diabetic rats	1,25(OH)2D3 intraperitoneal (7 ng/gm/day) for 15 days	↓Pancreatic and liver damage; ↓Hyperglycemia	↑DNA tail length of liver and pancreas; ↓Serum calcium levels; ↓G6Pase, FBPase	[219]
Vitamin E	Alloxan-induced mouse	50 mg α-tocopherol, per 100 g diet, 14 weeks	↓Alloxan-induced hyperglycemia; ↑Insulin secretion	↓Oxidative stress; ↓Pancreas apoptosis	[228]