Dichloroacetate (DCA) and Cancer: An Overview towards Clinical Applications

Table 2

List of drugs with their main function tested in combination with DCA in several cancer models.

Drug	Main function	Tumour entity	Model system	Outcome	References
Salinomycin	Antibiotic	Colorectal cancer	DLD-1 and HCT116 cell lines	Inhibition of multidrug resistance-related proteins	[37]
Arginase	Arginine metabolism	Breast cancer	MDA-MB231 and MCF-7/xenograft model	Antiproliferative effect due to p53 activation and cell cycle arrest	[38]
COX2 inhibitors	Inflammation	Cervical cancer	HeLa and SiHa cell lines/xenograft model	Cancer cell growth suppression	[39]
Propranolol	Beta-blocker	Head and neck cancer	mEERL and MLM3 cell lines/C57Bl/6 mice	Glucose dependence promotion and enhancement of chemoradiation effects	[40]
RARβ inhibitors	Vitamin A metabolism	Melanoma	ED-007, ED-027, ED-117, and ED196 cell lines	Glucose dependence promotion and sensitization to DCA	[41]
Metformin	Diabetes	Glioma, Lewis lung carcinoma	Xenograft model; LLC/R9 cells	Prolonged lifespan of mice with glioma; severe glucose dependency in tumour microenvironment	[42, 43]
Phenformin	Diabetes	Glioblastoma	Glioma stem cells/xenograft model	Self-renewal inhibition of cancer stem cells	[44]