Betulinic Acid Suppresses Breast Cancer Metastasis by Targeting GRP78-Mediated Glycolysis and ER Stress Apoptotic Pathway

Figure 6

BA inhibits glycolysis signaling in metastatic lesions by targeting GRP78/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling. (a) MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions were attenuated by BA administration in the lung colonization lesions (the scale bars indicate 20 μm). (b, c) Immunofluorescence showed that BA increased E-cadherin expression in the lung tissue but reduced the expression of vimentin, suggesting that EMT in breast cancer was blocked by BA in vivo (the scale bars indicate 10 μm). (d–f) Immunofluorescence demonstrated that BA significantly elevated GRP78 levels and decreased β-catenin/c-Myc signaling in lung metastatic lesions (the scale bars indicate 10 μm).

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