ROS-Mediated Cancer Cell Killing through Dietary Phytochemicals

Table 1

In vivo dosages and mechanistic effects of known natural bioactive compounds.

Compound	Animals	Cancer model	Dose	Mechanism
Quercetin	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Glioma	100 mg/kg, every other day for 15 days, i.v	Autophagy and apoptosis [43]
	Female BALB/c mice	Colon & breast cancer	100 and 200 mg/kg for 36 days, i.p	Apoptosis [178]
	Male BALB/cA nude mice	Prostate cancer	20 mg/kg for 16 days, i.p	Antiangiogenesis [179]
	Female BALB/c/nude mice	Hepatic cancer	10 mg/kg for 7 days, i.p	Necrosis and antiproliferation [180]
	Female NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J lineage	Acute myelogenous leukemia	120 mg/kg, once every 4 days for 21 days, i.p	Apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest [181]
Curcumin	Female BALB/c/nude mice	Colon cancer (multidrug resistance)	50 mg/kg, 2x/day for 14 days, peritumoral	Reduced expression of MDR1 and survivin [182]
	Male BALB/c/nude mice	Prostate cancer	25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, every 2 days for 30 days, abdominal cavity injection	Apoptosis [89]
	Female athymic nude mice	Breast cancer	45 mg/kg, 2x/week for 4 consecutive weeks, i.p	Antiproliferation [183]
Capsaicin	Female athymic nude mice	Pancreatic cancer	2.5 & 5 mg/kg, 5x/week, gavage	Activation of JNK and apoptosis [99]
	Female BALB/c nude mice	Colon cancer	1 & 3 mg/kg, 3 days once for 40 days, i.p	Apoptosis [95]
	Male BNX nu/nu mice	Prostate cancer	5 mg/kg, 3x/week for 4 weeks, gavage	Antiproliferation and apoptosis [184]
	Female BNX nu/nu	Breast cancer	5 mg/kg, 3x/week for 4 weeks, gavage	Reduced EGFR/HER2 activation and apoptosis [185]
ECGC	Female C3H/HeJ syngeneic mice	Squamous cell carcinoma	50 mg/kg, 5 days/week, i.p	Apoptosis [186]
	NOD/SCID mice	Myeloid leukemia	10 mM, oral drinking fluid	Antiproliferation [110]
	Female BALB/c mice	Bladder cancer	100 mg/kg for 4 weeks, i.p	Antiproliferation and migration [187]
	Male BALB/c/nude mice	Lung cancer	0.05% in drinking water for 21 days	Angiogenesis [188]
	Male BALB/c/nude mice	Adrenal pheochromocytoma	15 mg/kg, every other day for 15 days, i.p	Apoptosis [189]
PEITC	Male athymic nude mice	Glioblastoma	20 μmol/100 μl PBS for 21 days, gavage	Apoptosis [190]
	Male athymic mice	Prostate cancer	12 μmol/100 μl PBS for 5 days, oral	Apoptosis [191]
	Female BALB/c/nude mice	Lung cancer	25 mg/kg, 3x/week, i.p	Antiproliferation, reduced cancer stem cells [128]
	Female SCID/NOD mice	Breast cancer	81 mg/kg for 35 days, oral gavage	Apoptosis [192]
	Female athymic nude mice	Ovarian cancer	12 μmol for 42 days, oral gavage	EGFR-AKT pathway inhibition, antiproliferation, and apoptosis [193]
Piperine	Female BALB/c mice	Mouse 4T1 mammary carcinoma	2.5 and 5 mg/kg, every 3 days for 3 times, intratumoral	Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [194]
	Male nude mice	Prostate cancer	100 mg/kg/day for 1 month, i.p; 10 mg/kg for 1 month, gavage	Antiproliferation and apoptosis [195]
	Male albino Wistar rats	Hepatocellular carcinoma (diethylnitrosamine-induced)	5 mg/kg, 3x/week for 6 weeks, oral	Apoptosis [138]
Resveratrol	Male nude mice	Lung cancer	20 mg/kg, every other day for 25 days, i.p	Reduce metastasis [196]
	Male BALB/c/nude mice	Bladder cancer	20 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, i.p	Decreased VEGF and FGF-2 level, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis [197]
	Female athymic mice	Breast cancer	25 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks, i.p	Apoptosis [198]
	BALB/c/nude mice	Pancreatic cancer	20, 40, and 60 mg/kg, 5 days/week for 6 weeks, gavage	Inhibition of FOXO transcription factors and apoptosis [199]
	Male athymic nude mice	Prostate cancer	50 mg/kg, every other day for 2 weeks, gavage	Antiproliferation [200]

i.p: intraperitoneal; i.v: intravenous.