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| Components | Herbs | Target cells | Biological effects | Molecular events | Reference |
|
| Aloe emodin | Aloe (Lu Hui) | Lung cancer cells
H460 | DNA damage
Apoptosis | ROS⬆, SOD⬆; hMTH1, hOGG1, and APE⬇ | [177] |
Nasopharyngeal cancer cells
NPC-TW039, TW076 | Cycle arrest | Cyclin B1⬆, Cdc2⬆, PARP⬆, Casp-3/8⬆ | [178] |
|
| Atractyloside | Atractylodes lancea (Cang Zhu) | Leukemia cells | Apoptosis | ROS⬆; ER Ca2+⬆ | [179] |
|
| Baicalein | Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang Qin) | Breast cancer cells
ZR-75-1 | Apoptosis | PLC-dependent Ca2+⬆, ROS⬆; Ca2+-associated apoptosis⬆ | [180] |
Colon/prostate cancer cells
SW480; PC3 | Apoptosis/overcome TRAIL resistance | ROS⬆, DR5⬆, TRAIL receptor⬆ | [181] |
|
| Berberine | Coptis chinensis Franch (Huang Lian) | Lung cancer cells
H1975, H1650, H1819, A549, H1299 | Apoptosis | SREBP1⬇; mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS⬆, p-AMPK⬆; lipogenesis⬇ | [182] |
Liver cancer cells
HepG2, Hepa1-6 | Apoptosis | p-PTEN, p-Akt, p-mTOR, and p-PDK1⬇; FoxO1, FoxO3, Bim, Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, Casp-3/9, and cl-PARP⬆; p-JNK⬆, ROS⬆; SOD, CAT, and GSH⬇ | [183] |
|
| Bufalin | Bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (Chan Su) | Breast cancer cells
MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | Necroptosis | RIP1/RIP3⬆; ROS and PARP-1⬆, RIP1/RIP3/PARP-1 pathway⬆ | [184] |
Colon cancer cells
HT-29, Caco-2 | Autophagy | ROS⬆, p-JNK⬆; ATG5, Beclin-1, LC3-II, and autophagic flux⬆ | [185] |
|
| Celastrol | Tripterygii radix (Lei Gong Teng) | Osteosarcoma cells
HOS, MG-63, U-2OS, Saos-2 | Apoptosis
Autophagy
Cycle arrest | ROS/JNK pathway⬆, Casp-3/8/9⬆; LC3-II⬆ | [186] |
Breast cancer cells
MCF-7, MCF-7/MDR | Against doxorubicin resistance | HSF-1⬆, NF-κB⬇, P-gp⬇ | [187] |
|
| Cordycepin | Cordyceps sinensis (Dong Chong Xia Cao) | Glioma cells
Rat C6, LN18, T98G, LN229, SHG-44 | Apoptosis
Cycle arrest
Synergistic with TMZ | ROS⬆, GSH⬇; p-GSK-3β⬇, β-catenin⬇ | [188] |
Gastric/colon cancer cells
SGC-7901; HT-29 | DNA damage
Apoptosis | DR3⬆, A3AR⬇, PI3K/Akt⬆, ROS⬆, Δψm⬇; p53, Bax, Casp-3/8/1, and cl-PARP⬆ | [189, 190] |
|
| Costunolide | Aucklandiae radix (Mu Xiang) | Prostate cancer cells
PC-3, DU-145 | Enhance doxorubicin-induced apoptosis | ROS⬆, p-JNK⬆, p-p38⬆, Δψm⬇, Bax⬆, Bak⬆, Bcl-2⬇, Bcl-xL⬇, Casp-3/9⬆, cl-PARP⬆ | [191] |
Ovarian cancer cells
MPSC1, A2780, SKOV3 | Induce apoptosis of platinum-resistant cells
Apoptosis | ROS⬆, Bcl-2⬇, Casp-3/8/9⬆ | [192] |
Colon cancer cells
HCT116 | | TrxR1⬇, ROS⬆, ERS⬆ | [193] |
|
| Cucurbitacin E | Bolbostemae paniculati bulbus (Tu Bei Mu) | Colorectal cancer primary cell lines | Cycle arrest
Apoptosis | ROS⬆, ΔΨm⬇, GADD45γ⬆, Cdc2⬇
Cyclin B1⬇ | [194] |
|
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa L. (Jiang Huang) | Lung/prostate cancer cells
A549, PC-3 | Apoptosis | TrxR2⬇; Bax/Bcl-2⬆, Δψm⬇, cyto C⬆, Casp-3/9⬆ | [195] |
Cervical cancer cells
C33A, CaSki, HeLa, ME180 | | p-PERK, IRE-1α,GRP-78, ATF6, and CHOP⬆; Bax/Bcl-2, Casp-3/9, and cl-PARP⬆ | [196] |
|
| Daidzein | Glycine max (Hei Dou) | Breast cancer cells
MCF-7 | Apoptosis | ROS⬆, ΔΨm⬇, Bcl-2⬇, Bax⬆, cyto C⬆, Casp-7/9⬆ | [197] |
|
| Emodin | Rheum palmatum (Da Huang) | Cervical cancer cells
HeLa | Apoptosis | ROS⬆, NF-κB⬇, AP-1⬇, p-P38⬆ | [198, 199] |
|
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Green tea (Lv Cha) | Malignant B-cell lines
HS-sultan, RPMI8226 | Apoptosis | Cyto C, Smac/DIABLO, AIF, and Casp-3/9⬆ | [200] |
|
| Escin | Semen aesculi (Suo Luo Zi) | Osteosarcoma cells
MNNG/HOS, Saos-2, MG-63, U2-OS | Autophagy
Apoptosis | ROS/p38 MAPK⬆; LC3 II, ATG5
ATG12 and Beclin⬆; Bax/Bcl-2⬆, Casp-3/7/8/9⬆ | [201] |
|
| Eugenol | Eugenia caryophyllata (Ding Xiang) | Leukemia cells
HL-60, U937 | Apoptosis | ROS⬆, ΔΨm⬇, Bcl-2⬇, cyto C⬆
Casp-3/9⬆ | [202] |
|
| Evodiamine | Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham (Wu Zhu Yu) | Glioma cells
U87-MG | Apoptosis
Autophagy
Cycle arrest | Calcium/JNK signaling-mediated autophagy⬆; calcium/mitochondria-mediated apoptosis⬆ | [203] |
Cervical cancer cells
HeLa | | PTK/Ras-Raf-JNK⬆; ROS/NO⬆; p53, p21, Cdc2, and cyclin B1⬆ | [204] |
|
| Gambogic acid | Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f. (Teng Huang) | Colon cancer cells
HCT-15, HCT-15R | Apoptosis/against drug resistance | ΔΨm⬇, cyto C⬆, AIF⬆; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Mcl-1, XIAP and survin⬇; p-JNK⬆, c-JUN⬆; | [205] |
Lung cancer cells
A549,H460,H1299 | Synergistic with cisplatin | Casp-3/8/9, Fas and Bax⬆; Bcl-2,XIAP, survivin⬇; NF-κB, MAPK/HO-1 pathway⬇ | [206] |
|
| Germacrone | Curcuma zedoaria (E Zhu) | Breast cancer cells
MCF-7,MDA-MB-231 | Apoptosis | ROS⬆, ΔΨm⬇; Bax, JNK1, IKKα, and IKKβ⬆; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bim, and Bik⬇ | [207] |
|
| Gypenoside | Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Jiao Gu Lan) | Esophageal cancer cells
ECA-109, TE-1 | Autophagy | ROS-induced ERS⬆, Ca2+⬆; P62⬆, autophagic flux⬇ | [208] |
|
| Honokiol | Magnolia officinalis (Hou Po) | Osteosarcoma/glioma cells
HOS, U2OS; U87MG
Neuroblastoma cells
Neuro-2a, NB41A3 | Apoptosis
Autophagy
Cycle arrest | GRP-78⬆, ROS⬆, p-ERK1/2⬆; LC3 II⬆
ERS/ROS/ERK1/2 pathway⬆; p53/PI3K/Akt/mTOR⬇ | [209–211] |
|
| Icariin | Epimedium brevicornum Maxim (Yin Yang Huo) | Esophageal cancer cells
EC109, TE1
Liver cancer cells
SMMC-7721, Bel-7402, L-02 | Apoptosis | GSH⬇; NADPH, Casp-9⬆; p-PERK, GRP-78, ATF4, p-eIF2α, and CHOP⬆; PUMA⬆, Bax/Bcl-2⬆, ΔΨm⬇, cyto C⬆, Casp-3/9⬆, cl-PARP⬆; p-JNK⬆ | [212, 213] |
|
| Isoalantolactone | Inula helenium (Tu Mu Xiang) | Esophageal cancer cells
ECA109, EC9706, TE-1, TE-13 | Apoptosis | ROS⬆, DR5⬆, Casp-3/7/10⬆; DR5-induced extrinsic apoptosis | [214] |
|
| Luteolin | Chrysanthemi indici flos (Ye Ju Hua)
Lonicerae japonicae flos (Jin Yin Hua) | Liver cancer cells
HepG2; MDR cancer cells | Apoptosis
DNA damage
Cycle arrest | ROS⬆, PIG3⬆, ΔΨm⬇, cyto C⬆, Bax/Bcl-2⬆, casp-3/9⬆
ROS⬆, ATR/Chk2/p53 pathway⬆, p38⬆, Bcl-2⬇, NF-κB⬇ | [215, 216] |
|
| Matrine | Sophora flavescens (Ku Shen) | Pancreatic cancer cells
PANC-1, Miapaca-2 | Cycle arrest
Apoptosis | ROS, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-P38⬆
Cyclin A, D1, CDK2⬇; cyto C, Casp-3, cl-PARP, Bax, and Bad⬆; Bcl-2⬇ | [217] |
Liver cancer cells
HepG2 | Program cell death | ΔΨm⬇, ROS⬆; Fas⬆, Fas-L⬆; Casp-3⬆; AIF translocation⬆ | [218] |
|
| Neferine | Nelumbo nucifera (Lian Hua) | Lung cancer cells
A549 | Autophagy enhances cisplatin-induced autophagic cell death | ROS⬆, GSH⬇, PI3K/Akt/mTOR⬇, LC3-II⬆
PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway⬇ | [219, 220] |
|
| Norcantharidin | Mylabris (Ban Mao) | Liver cancer cells
HepG2 | Apoptosis | ROS⬆, ΔΨm⬇, cyto C⬆, Bcl-2⬇
Bax, Casp-3/9, and cl-PARP⬆ | [221] |
|
| Oridonin | Rabdosia rubescens (Dong Ling Cao) | Osteosarcoma cells
MG-63, HOS | Apoptosis | PPAR-γ⬆, Nrf2⬇; ΔΨm⬇
Bax/Bcl-2⬆, Casp-3/9⬆ | [222] |
|
| Oroxylin A | Oroxylum indicum (Mu Hu Die)
Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang qin) | Colon cancer cells
CaCo-2, HCT-116 | Apoptosis | UCP2⬇; ROS, MPTP, cyto C, AIF
Casp-3/9 and cl-PARP⬆ | [223] |
|
| Plumbagin | Plumbago zeylanica (Bai Hua Dan) | Colon cancer cells
HT-29, HCT-116, Caco-2 | Apoptosis | ASK1/TRAF2⬆, JNK⬆; mTORC1⬇
Bcl-2⬇ | [224] |
|
| Resveratrol | Polygonum cuspidatum (Hu Zhang)
Fructus Mori (Sang Shen) | Lung/breast cancer cells
H1299, MCF-7 | Apoptosis
Autophagy | TIGAR⬇, GSH⬇, ROS⬆, cl-PARP⬆
LC3-II⬆ | [225] |
Prostate cancer cells
LNCaP, PC-3 | Apoptosis | TRX1⬇, TXNIP⬆ | [226] |
|
| Saxifragifolin D | Androsace umbellate (Hu Er Cao) | Breast cancer cells
MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | Autophagy
Apoptosis | LC3-II, Beclin-1, and Vps34⬆; ROS-mediated ERS⬆ | [227] |
|
| Sophoranone | Radix sophorae tonkinensis (Shan Dou Gen) | Leukemia cells
U937 cell | Apoptosis | ROS⬆, MPTP⬆, cyto C⬆, p-JNK⬆, Casp-3⬆ | [228] |
|
| Tetrandrine | Stephania tetrandra radix (Fang Ji) | Leukemia cells
K562, CMK, HEL | Autophagy
Cycle arrest
Differentiation | ROS⬆, LC3 II⬆, p-Akt⬆; p21⬆, p27⬆ | [229] |
Live cancer cells
Huh7, HepG2, BEL7402 | Apoptosis | ROS⬆; p-Akt, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK⬇ | [230] |
|
| Vitexin | Vitex negundo L (Ma Bian Cao) | Melanoma cells
A375, Sk-Mel-5, Sk-Mel-28 | DNA damage
Cycle arrest | ROS, Bax, and PARP⬆; Bcl-2⬇
p-ATM, p-ATR, p-CHK2, p53, p21, and γ-H2AX⬆ | [231] |
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