Research Article
Malondialdehyde and Uric Acid as Predictors of Adverse Outcome in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Table 1
Baseline characteristic of examined group and comparison of subgroups separated on the basis of prognosis.
| | All groups
| Survivors
A | Death
B |
B vs. A | Death or OHT
C |
C vs. A |
| | General characteristics | | | | | | | | Male (%) | 664 (85.79) | 549 (85.78) | 93 (87.74) | 0.726 | 115 (85.19) | 0.932 | | Age (years) | 54.00 | 54.00 | 56.00 | 0.019 | 55.00 | 0.191 | | 48.00-59.00 | 48.00-59.00 | 50.00-61.00 | 50.00-60.00 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 26.24 | 26.40 | 25.13 | 0.035 | 24.77 | 0.002 | | 23.49-29.10 | 23.81-29.39 | 21.78-28.89 | 21.78-28.44 | | Duration of symptoms before inclusion (months) | 33.85 | 33.17 | 51.05 | 0.002 | 44.80 | 0.013 | | 13.43-69.43 | 12.93-65.40 | 18.90-81.00 | 15.60-79.93 | | NYHA class | 3.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 0.000 | 3.00 | 0.000 | | 2.00-3.00 | 2.00-3.00 | 3.00-400 | 3.00-3.00 | | Maximum measured VO2 (mL/min/kg B.M.) | 15.00 | 15.50 | 12.05 | 0.000 | 12.35 | 0.000 | | 12.20-18.45 | 12.90-19.10 | 9.60-14.20 | 9.70-14.20 | | LVEDD (mm) | 69.00 | 69.00 | 70.00 | 0.201 | 72.00 | 0.046 | | 64.00-76.00 | 63.00-76.00 | 65.00-77.00 | 65.00-77.00 | | LVEDV (mL) | 225.0 | 218.0 | 250.0 | 0.002 | 250.0 | 0.000 | | 170.0-285.0 | 163.0-278.0 | 198.0-319.50 | 200.0-320.0 | | LVEF (1%) | 24.00 | 25.00 | 20.00 | 0.000 | 20.00 | 0.000 | | 20.00-29.00 | 20.00-30.00 | 17.00-25.00 | 17.00-25.00 | | Basic biochemistry | | | | | | | | Hemoglobin (g/100 mL) | 14.02 | 14.02 | 13.94 | 0.428 | 14.02 | 0.788 | | 13.05-14.99 | 13.05-14.99 | 12.73-14.99 | 12.89-15.15 | | Sodium (mmol/L) | 136.00 | 137.00 | 135.00 | 0.000 | 135.00 | 0.000 | | 134.00-139.00 | 134.00-139.00 | 131.0-137.0 | 132.0-138.0 | | Iron concentration (μmol/L) | 17.20 | 17.50 | 15.90 | 0.071 | 15.11 | 0.004 | | 12.00-22.20 | 12.30-22.50 | 11.07-20.90 | 10.80-20.90 | | Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 95.09 | 98.89 | 75.66 | 0.000 | 79.84 | 0.000 | | 69.76-119.38 | 73.53-121.70 | 59.83-100.12 | 59.83-104.23 | | Serum protein (g/L) | 71.00 | 71.00 | 72.00 | 0.105 | 72.00 | 0.207 | | 67.00-75.00 | 67.00-75.00 | 67.00-77.00 | 67.00-77.00 | | Albumin (g/L) | 42.00 | 42.00 | 41.00 | 0.131 | 40.00 | 0.011 | | 39.00-44.00 | 39.00-44.00 | 38.00-44.00 | 38.00-44.00 | | Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.60 | 0.305 | 5.60 | 0.643 | | 5.00-6.30 | 5.00-6.30 | 5.00-6.90 | 5.00-6.70 | | Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.29 | 4.30 | 4.27 | 0.546 | 4.25 | 0.431 | | 3.65-5.21 | 3.65-5.21 | 3.57-5.25 | 3.57-5.19 | | Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.12 | 0.054 | 1.13 | 0.122 | | 0.89-1.73 | 0.90-1.77 | 0.84-1.58 | 0.86-1.60 | | Cholesterol HDL (mmol/L) | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.09 | 0.022 | 1.10 | 0.018 | | 0.94-1.41 | 0.96-1.42 | 0.83-1.37 | 0.83-1.37 | | Cholesterol LDL (mmol/L) | 2.44 | 2.43 | 2.51 | 0.493 | 2.50 | 0.578 | | 1.90-3.16 | 1.89-3.11 | 1.92-3.27 | 1.90-3.26 | | NT-proBNP (pg/mL)/100 | 13.91 | 12.24 | 29.64 | 0.000 | 30.63 | 0.000 | | 6.39-31.81 | 5.56-25.66 | 16.20-52.04 | 15.53-52.65 | | Comorbidities | | | | | | | | Ischemic heart disease (%) | 479 (61.89) | 391 (61.00) | 74 (70.00) | 0.015 | 88 (65.00) | 0.085 | | Diabetes (%) | 218 (28.17) | 169 (26.41) | 39 (36.79) | 0.037 | 49 (36.30) | 0.027 | | Arterial hypertension (%) | 423 (54.65) | 357 (55.78) | 55 (51.89) | 0.168 | 66 (48.89) | 0.361 | | Permanent atrial fibrillation (%) | 183 (23.64) | 146 (22.81) | 33 (31.13) | 0.084 | 37 (27.41) | 0.307 | | ICD presence (%) | 215 (27.78) | 209 (32.66) | 4 (3.77) | 0.000 | 6 (4.44) | 0.000 | | Smoker (%) | 265 (34.24) | 224 (35.00) | 33 (31.13) | 0.499 | 41 (30.37) | 0.346 | | Pharmacotherapy | | | | | | | | Beta-blockers (%) | 759 (98.06) | 629 (98.28) | 102 (96.23) | 0.244 | 130 (96.30) | 0.196 | | ACE inhibitors (yes/no) | 666 (86.05) | 564 (88.13) | 77 (72.64) | 0.000 | 102 (75.56) | 0.000 | | ARB (yes/no) | 82 (10.59) | 69 (10.78) | 8 (7.55) | 0.372 | 13 (9.63) | 0.762 | | Loop diuretics (yes/no) | 679 (87.73) | 549 (85.78) | 103 (97.17) | 0.002 | 130 (96.30) | 0.001 | | Thiazide diuretics (yes/no) | 99 (12.79) | 69 (10.78) | 25 (23.58) | 0.000 | 30 (22.22) | 0.000 | | MRA (yes/no) | 713 (92.12) | 589 (92.03) | 96 (90.57) | 0.711 | 124 (91.85) | 0.961 | | Statins (yes/no) | 506 (65.37) | 428 (66.88) | 58 (54.72) | 0.019 | 78 (57.78) | 0.052 | | Fibrates (yes/no) | 28 (3.62) | 25 (3.91) | 2 (1.89) | 0.452 | 3 (2.22) | 0.483 | | Digitalis (yes/no) | 352 (45.48) | 280 (43.75) | 55 (51.89) | 0.000 | 72 (53.33) | 0.000 | | XO inhibitors (yes/no) | 285 (36.82) | 229 (35.78) | 41 (38.68) | 0.649 | 56 (41.48) | 0.164 |
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BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; VO2: rate of oxygen consumption; VO2 max.: maximum rate of oxygen consumption; VCO2: rate of carbon dioxide output; LVEDD: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricle end-diastolic volume; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; CM: cardiomyopathy; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-2 receptor blockers; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; XO: xanthine oxidase; NS: nonsignificant.
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