Malondialdehyde and Uric Acid as Predictors of Adverse Outcome in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Table 3
Clinical and laboratory parameters as risk factors of death or OHT of patients with CHF in one-year follow-up. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses.
Univariate Cox regression analysis
Multivariate Cox regression analysis
HR
95% CI
HR
95% CI
General characteristics
Male (yes/no)
1.003
0.617-1.629
0.992
Age (1 year)
1.009
0.993-1.026
0.272
BMI (1 kg/m2)
0.946
0.909-0.984
0.006
0.976
0.924-1.030
0.377
Duration of symptoms (1 month)
1.004
1.001-1.007
0.019
1.001
0.997-1.005
0.683
NYHA class (by 1)
2.815
2.201-3.601
0.000
1.122
0.764-1.648
0.556
VO2 max. (1 mL/min/kg B.M.)
1.192
1.138-1.248
0.000
1.094
1.032-1.161
0.003
LVEDD (1 mm)
1.014
0.996-1.032
0.139
LVEDV (1 mL)
1.004
1.002-1.005
0.000
Lower LVEF (1%)
1.087
1.057-1.119
0.000
1.075
1.025-1.117
0.000
Basic biochemistry
Hemoglobin ↓ (1 g/100 mL)
1.006
0.907-1.115
0.913
Sodium ↓ (1 mmol/L)
1.099
1.058-1.142
0.000
1.054
1.003-1.106
0.037
Iron concentration ↓ (1 μmol/L)
1.028
1.004-1.050
0.021
1.020
0.990-1.052
0.184
Creatinine clearance ↓ (1 mL/min)
1.013
1.007-1.018
0.000
1.000
0.992-1.007
0.912
Serum protein ↓ (1 g/L)
0.980
0.954-1.007
0.152
Albumin ↓ (1 g/L)
1.067
1.025-1.111
0.002
1.011
0.923-1.072
0.707
Fasting glucose (1 mmol/L)
1.068
0.983-1.160
0.123
Total cholesterol (1 mmol/L)
0.965
0.838-1.112
0.624
Triglycerides (1 mmol/L)
0.855
0.687-1.065
0.163
Cholesterol HDL (1 mmol/L)
0.594
0.379-0.932
0.023
1.140
0.705-1.843
0.594
Cholesterol LDL (1 mmol/L)
1.079
0.915-1.273
0.365
NT-proBNP (100 pg/mL)
1.016
1.013-1.020
0.000
1.007
1.000-1.015
0.038
Comorbidities
Ischemic CM (yes/no)
1.179
0.828-1.681
0.360
Diabetes (yes/no)
1.490
1.049-2.116
0.026
1.170
0.750-1.825
0.489
Arterial hypertension (yes/no)
0.796
0.568-1.115
0.184
Atrial fibrillation (yes/no)
1.265
0.867-1.847
0.223
ICD presence (yes/no)
0.127
0.059-0.271
0.000
0.179
0.082-0.391
0.000
Smoker (yes/no)
0.803
0.557-1.160
0.242
Pharmacotherapy
Beta-blockers (yes/no)
0.541
0.200-1.464
0.227
ACE inhibitors (yes/no)
0.447
0.301-0.665
0.000
0.568
0.345-0.935
0.026
ARB (yes/no)
0.899
0.508-1.593
0.715
Loop diuretics (yes/no)
4.984
1.843-13.477
0.002
1.832
0.552-6.079
0.323
Thiazide diuretics (yes/no)
2.179
1.452-3.270
0.000
1.579
0.909-2.744
0.105
MRA (yes/no)
1.079
0.567-2.053
0.817
Statins (yes/no)
0.710
0.504-1.000
0.051
Fibrates (yes/no)
0.578
0.184-1.814
0.347
Digitalis (yes/no)
1.469
1.047-2.061
0.026
0.828
0.541-1.266
0.383
XO inhibitors (yes/no)
0.993
0.955-1.034
0.746
Oxidative stress markers
TAC (1 mmol/L)
2.405
0.993-5.824
0.052
TOS (1 mmol/L)
1.044
0.986-1.104
0.139
OSI (TOS/TAC)
1.016
0.966-1.068
0.537
Uric acid (10 μmol/L)
1.029
1.018-1.040
0.000
1.014
1.001-1.028
0.042
Bilirubin (1 μmol/L)
1.029
1.018-1.039
0.000
0.995
0.977-1.013
0.580
PSH (1 μmol/g of protein)
0.891
0.786-1.011
0.073
MDA (1 μmol/L)
2.037
1.517-2.735
0.000
2.000
1.366-2.928
0.000
BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; VO2 max.: maximum rate of oxygen consumption; LVEDD: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricle end-diastolic volume; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; CHF: chronic heart failure; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-2 receptor blockers; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; XO: xanthine oxidase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TOS: total oxidant status; OSI: oxidative stress index; MDA: malondialdehyde; PSH: sulfhydryl groups; NS: nonsignificant.
