Crosstalk between Calcium and ROS in Pathophysiological Conditions

Figure 2

ROS production and scavenging systems. In physiological conditions, the balance between ROS generation and ROS scavenging is highly controlled. The energy production pathways (TCA cycle and OXPHOS), enzymatic reactions, by-products of metabolic pathways, and physical or chemical agents can lead to ROS production. As for the ROS-scavenging mechanisms, enzymatic defences and antioxidant scavengers neutralize the free radical reactions. When an imbalance between ROS production and ROS scavenging occurs, cells undergo oxidative stress, leading to severe cellular damage, cell death, and consequently whole organ and organism failure.