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Number | Plant name | Plant part used | Extract used | Mechanism of action | Experiment model | References |
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1 | Acacia arabica | Bark | Chloroform | Cut down the level of serum glucose and ameliorate total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels | Alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats | [307] |
Cut down levels of serum glucose, TC, TG, LDL, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and also boost HDL and coenzyme Q10 | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [308] |
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2 | Acacia nilotica | Pods | Alcoholic | Aids in depleting levels of blood glucose Boosts antioxidant enzyme system (SOD and GSH), NO level, and LPO of the kidney | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [309] |
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3 | Achyranthes rubrofusca | Leaves | Aqueous and ethanolic | Reduction in levels of blood glucose and also aids in boosting levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione levels | Alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats | [310] |
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4 | Albizzia lebbeck Benth | Stem bark | Methanol and dichloromethane | Cutting down levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin and ameliorating plasma insulin. Furthermore, it caused significant diminution in levels of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL while causing an upsurge in the level of HDL. | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [311] |
Stem | Methanolic | Reducing levels of serum glucose, creatinine, urea, TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL and on the other hand boosting HDL level | Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats | [312] |
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5 | Aloe vera | Leaves | Aqueous | Cutting down the levels of blood glucose, TG, LDL, and TC | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice | [313] |
Ameliorating insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell function, i.e., boosting pancreatic islet mass | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [314] |
Ameliorating glucose metabolism by way of cutting down the level of blood glucose | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [315] |
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6 | Artemisia afra | Leaves | Aqueous | Rejuvenate pancreatic beta cells Inspire insulin release and ameliorate oxidative stress in the pancreas Boost glucose utilization | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [316] |
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7 | Barleria prionitis | Leaves and root | Alcoholic | Cutting down levels of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin Boosting levels of serum insulin and liver glycogen | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [317] |
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8 | Boerhaavia diffusa | Leaves | Aqueous | Stimulates glucose utilization and bolsters ionic balance, renal Na+-K+ ATPase activity, and renal antioxidant status (GPx, catalase, SOD, and GSH) | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [318] |
Upsurge in levels of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [319] |
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9 | Bougainvillea spectabilis | Roots and barks | Aqueous and methanolic | Improve the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hepatic, skeletal muscle glycogen | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [320] |
3-O-methyl-chiroinositol, a bioactive compound isolated from B. spectabilis | Rejuvenate pancreatic beta cells, thus causing a rise in plasma insulin and c-peptide Employ insulin-like effects | Streptozotocin- and alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [321]. |
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10 | Byrsonima crassifolia | Fruits and seeds | Hexane and chloroform | Upsurge in levels of CAT, GSH, GSSG, and SOD Boosting activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), hepatic glycogen content, and plasma insulin and cutting down blood glucose level | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [322] |
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11 | Caesalpinia ferrea | Stem bark | Aqueous | Cutting down the level of blood glucose, TC, and TG | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [323] |
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12 | Casearia esculenta | Root | Aqueous | Rejuvenation in levels of glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and albumin; the albumin/globulin ratio; and marker enzymes AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [324] |
13 | Cassia fistula | Stem bark | Alcoholic | Cutting down the level of blood glucose and also rejuvenating the levels of serum cholesterol, TG, creatinine, albumin, total proteins, and body weight | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [325] |
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14 | Catharanthus roseus | Leaves and twigs | Dichloromethane-methanol | Cut down levels of blood glucose and hepatic enzyme activities such as glycogen synthase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [326] |
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15 | Ceriops decandra | Leaves | Ethanol | Adjusting levels of blood glucose, hemoglobin, liver glycogen, and some carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in comparison with the control group | Normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [327] |
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16 | Cinnamomum zeylanicum | Hydroalcohol | Whole plant (cinnamon polyphenols) | Diminish the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and also rejuvenate pancreatic beta cells | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes | [255] |
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17 | Cistus laurifolius | Leaves | Ethanol Three known flavonoids (quercetin-3-O-methyl ether, quercetin, and genkwanin) | Cut down the level of blood glucose level and inhibit activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [328] |
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18 | Citrullus colocynthis | Roots | Aqueous, chloroform, and ethanol | Cut down the levels of blood glucose in comparison with the control group | Normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [329] |
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19 | Combretum lanceolatum | Flowers | Ethanol | Activation of AMPK in the liver and also inhibiting hepatic glucose production | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [330] |
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20 | Emblica officinalis | Fruits, leaves | Hydromethanol | (1) Boost high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and diminish low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level (2) Upsurge in the levels of GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT (3) Boost activities of hepatic and renal SOD and CAT (4) Cut down the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [331] |
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21 | Gynura procumbens | Leaves | Aqueous | Enhancement of glucose uptake in the muscles | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [332] |
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22 | Helicteres isora | Roots | Butanol and aqueous ethanol | Cut down levels of blood glucose, TC, TG, and urea levels | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [333] |
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23 | Hiptage benghalensis | Leaves | Methanolic | Rejuvenation of pancreatic beta cells and improvement of insulin secretion, thus bringing about a reduction in the level of blood glucose | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [334] |
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24 | Hyptis suaveolens | Leaves | 50% aqueous ethanol | Induction of glucose utilization | Streptozotocin-induced rats | [335] |
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25 | Kigelia pinnata | Flowers | Methanol | Cuts down levels of blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [336] |
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26 | Momordica charantia | Seeds | Methanol | Cutting down levels of serum glucose, insulin, TNF-α, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat | [337] |
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27 | Murraya koenigii | Leaves | Aqueous | Cuts down level of blood glucose | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [338] |
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28 | Parquetina nigrescens | Leaves | Aqueous | Cuts down level of blood glucose via boosting the level insulin and reducing lipogenesis | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [339] |
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29 | Phoenix dactylifera | Leaves | 70% ethanol | Cuts down levels of blood glucose, TC, and TG levels and also causes an upsurge in the level of insulin when compared with the control group | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [340] |
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30 | Phyllanthus niruri | Aerial parts | Methanol | Cuts down levels of blood glucose, TC, and TG levels | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [341] |
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31 | Pongamia pinnata | Leaves | Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water | Reduction in the level of blood glucose level | Streptozotocin- and alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [342, 343] |
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32 | Psidium guajava | Fruits | Aqueous | Cuts down the levels of blood glucose and lipid profile Rejuvenate pancreatic β-cells, thus boosting insulin secretion Suppresses pancreatic nuclear factor kappa B expression | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat | [344] |
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33 | Sida cordifolia | Aerial parts | Methanol and aqueous | Cut down levels of serum glucose level, insulin, and cholesterol | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [345] |
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33 | Sphaeranthus indicus | Roots and stolons | Ethanol | Cut down levels of blood glucose and boost levels of hepatic glycogen and plasma insulin | Streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats | [346] |
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34 | Terminalia bellerica | Fruits | Methanol | Enhance insulin secretion via modulating levels of cAMP and intracellular calcium in the pancreatic β-cells | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [347] |
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35 | Terminalia chebula | Seeds | Chloroform | Cuts down levels of blood glucose | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [348] |
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36 | Trigonella foenum-graecum | Seeds | Ethanol | Cuts down levels of blood glucose | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [349] |
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37 | Zaleya decandra | Roots | Ethanol | Cuts down levels of blood glucose, TC, TG, total proteins, urea, creatinine, and lipid peroxidation | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [350] |
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