Parkinson’s Disease-Induced Zebrafish Models: Focussing on Oxidative Stress Implications and Sleep Processes

Table 1

Parkinson’s disease animal models based on neuromodulation agents.

PD-inducing agent	Model organism	Treatment	Route of administration	Effects	Reference
MPTP	Zebrafish	5 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml, 3 days	Dissolved in the water	↓Locomotor activity; ↓Pretectal area size; ↓DA levels	[55]
		Single 20 mg/kg dose	Abdominal injection	↓DA and noradrenaline levels; ↓Locomotor activity	[40]
		and /24 h	Intraperitoneal injection	↓Locomotor activity; Evidence of freezing bouts	[56]
	Rat	Single 20 μl/kg dose	Intrasubstantia nigra injection	↑MDA; ↓SOD	[57]
		Single 100 μg/1 μl dose	Bilateral infusion	↑LPO; ↓GSH; ↑SOD levels in the striatum	[58]
		1 μmol/2 ml, in the 1st, 7th, and 14th day of the experiment	Intrasubstantia nigra injection	↑MDA; ↓GSSH; ↓CAT	[59]
	Mice	30 μg/kg, twice at 16 h intervals	Intraperitoneal injection	↓GSH; ↓SOD in substantia nigra	[60]
6-OHDA	Zebrafish	Single dose: 25 mg/kg	Abdominal injection	↓Velocity rate and locomotor activity; ↓DA neurons	[48]
		Single dose: 25 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal injection	↓DA and noradrenaline levels; ↓Locomotor activity	[40]
	Rats	10 μg/2 μl	Unilateral intrastriatal injection	↓GSH; ↓CAT; ↓SOD	[19]
		8 mg/2 ml	Intrastriatal injection	↑MDA levels; ↓GSH and SOD levels in striatum	[20]
Rotenone	Zebrafish	1-12 mg/kg, 7 to 36 consecutive days	Intravenous injection	↓DA neurons; ↑α-Syn aggregates	[15]
		5 μg/l, 28 consecutive days	Dissolved in water	↓Locomotor activity; ↓DA neurons; ↑α-Syn aggregates	[16]
	Rats	1.5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, 2 months	Intraperitoneal injection	↓DA neurons in posterior striatum and prefrontal cortex; ↑Catalepsy	[17]
		2.2-2.5 mg/kg, 28 consecutive days	Intravenous injection	↓Locomotor activity; ↑α-Synuclein aggregates	[61]
		2.0-3.0 mg/kg, 28-56 days	Subcutaneous injection	↓DA neurons; α-Syn aggregates	[62]
		Single 2.5 mg/kg dose	Intraperitoneal injection	↓Body weight; ↓DA neurons in striatum	[63]
		2-12 μg/μl, 28-90 days	Stereotaxial infusion	↑α-Syn aggregates; ↓ROS level	[64]
		2.0 mg/kg, 28 days	Subcutaneous injection	↓Locomotor activity; ↓DA neurons; ↑α-Syn aggregates	[65]
		5 μg, 21 days	Stereotaxial infusion	↓DA neurons; ↑α-Syn aggregates	[66]
		0.25-0.50 μg, 21 days	Stereotaxial infusion	↑α-Syn aggregates	[67]
		3 mg/kg, 30 days	Intraperitoneal injection	↑MDA levels; ↓GSH and SOD levels	[68]
Paraquat	Zebrafish	10 mg/kg, twice a day for 3 days	Intraperitoneal injection	↓Locomotor activity; Spatial memory impairments	[69]
		1, 10, and 100 μM, 4 days	Dissolved in the water	↓Mitochondrial respiration	[70]
	Mice	0, 0.89, 2.67, and 8 mg/kg, 28 days	Oral administration	↑MDA in HIP; ↑Mitochondrial injury	[71]
		Paraquat (10 mg/kg) + maneb (30 mg/kg), twice a week, 9 weeks	Intraperitoneal injection	↑MDA; ↑NO; ↓GST	[72]

↑: increase; ↓: decrease; CAT: catalase; DA: dopamine; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione; GSSH: oxidised glutathione; GST: glutathione S-transferase; LPO: lipid hydroperoxide; MDA: malondialdehyde; NO: nitric oxide; SOD: superoxide dismutase.