Apitherapy for Parkinson’s Disease: A Focus on the Effects of Propolis and Royal Jelly

Table 1

Neurotoxins used to induce Parkinson’s disease in animal models and cell lines in included studies.

Neurotoxin	Treatment	Mechanism of neurotoxicity	Reference
Rotenone	In vivo.	↓ Mitochondrial complex I.; ↑ ROS and caspase-3.	[44]
MPTP and MPP	In vivo and in vitro.	↑ ROS, production of cytokines, and caspase-3.	[84–86]
6-OHDA	In vivo and in vitro.	↑ ROS, MDA, caspase-3, bax.; ↓ Bcl-2 and SOD.	[13, 42, 45, 79, 82, 83]

MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MPP: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; bcl-2: B cell lymphoma 2; bax: bcl-2-associated X protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: super oxide dismutase; caspase-3: cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3.