Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiac Differentiation, Reprogramming, and Regenerative Therapies

Figure 3

Potential interactions between the ischemic heart and implanted cells contribute to low engraftment efficiency. When stem cells or PSC-CMs are implanted, intracellular ROS would be increased and induce cell death in a cell-autonomous manner in response to the hypoxic microenvironment. Paracrine effects of host’s ROS are involved in regulation of the graft cell fate and may lead to engrafted cell death in a nonautonomous manner. EVs: extracellular vesicles; AQP: aquaporin.