Protective Effect of Metformin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) Cells by Enhancing Autophagy through Activation of AMPK Pathway

Figure 8

Metformin proposed the mechanism of action. Metformin activates the AMPK pathway, which further stimulates autophagy, promotes the binding of autophagosomes and lysosomes to ensure the smooth flow of autophagic flux, and prevents the cell damage caused by hydrogen peroxide.