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Activities | Dose/concentration | Study | Study model | Mechanism of action | Prevention/risk for genetic material | References |
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Genotoxicity | 20 and 40 mg/kg | Clinical | Endoscopy biopsy | DNA damage, clastogenic effects, oxidative stress | Genomic instability, genetic risks | [179] |
Genotoxicity | 20 and 600 mg | Clinical | Human () | Interaction between genetic variations, CYP2C19 hydroxylation, and sulfoxidation | Oxidative stress | [180] |
Genotoxicity | 20 mg/kg | Clinical | Human () | Cytogenetic change: micronuclei formation | Genomic instability | [186] |
Genotoxicity | 20 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Cytogenetic alterations, breaks of sister chromatids, micronucleus formation, chromosomal alterations | Genetic instability, cytogenetic damage | [186] |
Genotoxicity | — | In vivo | Rodents | Sulfonamide metabolites | Reactivity with DNA | [150] |
Genotoxicity | 1-100 μM | In vivo | Rats | Activates sulfonamide groups, inhibition of DNA synthesis | DNA damage | [181] |
Genotoxicity | 30 and 100 mg/kg (p.o.) | In vivo | Rats | DNA synthesis, oxytocin decarboxylase induction | Cell proliferation | [182] |
Genotoxicity | 30 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Micronuclei formation, cellular alteration, cell proliferation | Chromosomal instability, genomic instability | [147] |
Genotoxicity | 10 and 100 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Cell proliferation and replication | Genomic instability | [187] |
Genotoxicity | — | In vivo | Rats | Transcriptional changes in the gastric mucosa | Changes in inflammatory regulation genes and immune response | [97] |
Genotoxicity | 20 ml/kg | In vitro | Rats | Hyperplasia | Genomic instability | [188] |
Toxicity | 40 mg/kg | Clinical | Case study | Increased ALT and AST levels | Induction of apoptosis | [122] |
Toxicity | — | Clinical | Human | Inflammatory, CYP2CI9 enzyme variation, acute nephritis | Genomic instability | [189] |
Toxicity | 30 and 60 mg/kg | Clinical | — | Microsomal hepatic inhibition, oxidase function, blocking of H+/K+-ATPase system | Oxidative damages | [190] |
Toxicity | — | Clinical | Human () | Interaction between anti-inflammatory and proton pump inhibitors | Apoptosis | [191] |
Toxicity | 40 mg/kg | Clinical | Human | Neutropenia | Nontoxic effect | [191] |
Toxicity | 100 μM | In vivo | Rats | Oxidation and toxicity, thiol oxidation, conversion of OME to thiolytic sulfonamides, binding to cysteine residues of H+/K+-ATPase system | Oxidative damages | [192] |
Toxicity | 0.0001 and 50 mM | In vitro | Polymorphonuclear neutrophils | Apoptosis, sulfhydryl groups | Apoptosis | [4] |
Toxicity | 0.0001 mM | In vitro | Jurkat cells, lymphomas | Cleavage caspase 3 and PARP | Apoptosis | [123] |
Antitumoral neoadjuvant | 20 and 40 mg/kg (i.v.) | Clinical | Human () | Modulation of tumor acidity, apoptotic cell death | Inhibition of cell proliferation | [124] |
Antitumoral | 80 mg/kg | Clinical | Human () | Synergistic effects with antineoplastic drug | Apoptosis | [160] |
Antitumoral | 50, 100, and 200 μM | In vitro | Human melanoma cells | Cytotoxic effect | Apoptosis | [87] |
Antitumoral | 10-40 mg/kg | In vitro, in vivo | Ovary cancer () patients | Expression of V-ATPase, inhibition of V-ATPase mRNA protein | Apoptosis and cytotoxicity | [159] |
Antitumoral | 100 μg/ml | In vitro | CP-A (ATCC CRL-4027) CP-B (ATCC-CRL4028) cells | Inhibits cell cycle growth (arrest cell cycle at G0/G1) by inhibiting miR203a-3p | Induction of apoptosis | [168] |
Antitumoral | 200 and 300 μM | In vitro | Breast cancer (MCF, SKBR₃ MDA–MB-468) cell lines | Decreases MDA-MB, decreases expression of prometastatic proteins and the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) | Prevention of metastasis and inhibition of cell proliferation | [183] |
Antitumoral | 10 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Decreases NO levels, decreases the expression of TNF-α and B catechins | Apoptosis | [184] |
Antitumoral | 10 and 30 mg/kg | In vitro | HeLa cervical cancer line | Expression of ATPase via SiRNA | Cell proliferation | [70] |
Antitumoral | 50 and 200 μg/ml | In vitro | Pancreatic cancer cell lines | Interaction with ATPase function regulators, modulation of liposomal transport | Apoptosis | [22] |
Antitumoral | 100, 200, and 300 μM/l | In vitro | Esophageal adenocarcinoma (KYSE410) | Control intra and extracellular pH, expression of miRNAs | Antiproliferative effect | [165] |
Antitumoral | 160 μM | In vitro | Melanoma cells | Acidification and alkalinization of tumors, NADPH oxidase dysfunction | Autophagy, oxidative stress | [185] |
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