|
| Methods | Marker | Compartment | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|
| Fluorimetric method: , | Fluorescent AGEs (pentosidine) | Serum, urine, saliva | (i) Simple
(ii) Rapid method | (i) No detection of nonfluorescent AGEs
(ii) Interference of non-AGE fluorophores
(iii) Results expressed in arbitrary units |
| Autofluorescence spectroscopy: , | Fluorescent AGEs (pentosidine) and other fluorescent AGEs | In vivo skin | (i) Noninvasive, simple, rapid method
(ii) Applicable to clinical or epidemiological studies
(iii) Significant correlation with AGEs measured by HPLC | (i) Major contribution in fluorescence comes from fluorescent AGEs
(ii) AGE level is lower in dark skin than in fair skin (on equal condition) |
| HPLC | AGEs, pentosidine, CML, CEL, MG | Plasma, tissue | (i) A bit invasive
(ii) Suitable for AGE monitoring | (i) More costly in time and efforts
(ii) Only applicable to AGE with known biochemical structures |
| Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) | CML, CEL, etc. | Urine | (i) Sophisticated technique
(ii) High sensitivity
(iii) Provide valid and accurate results | (i) More expensive
(ii) Trained personnel |
| LC-MS/MS | Nonvolatile compounds (e.g., CML, CEL, and MG) | Plasma, urine | (i) No derivatization step is required
(ii) Sophisticated technique
(iii) High sensitivity
(iv) Provide valid and accurate results | (i) More expensive
(ii) Trained personnel |
| UHPLC | AGEs, pentosidine, CML, CEL, MG | Plasma, tissue | (i) Rapid method
(ii) Good resolution | (i) More expensive
(ii) Trained personnel |
| ELISA | AGEs, pentosidine, CML, CEL, etc. | Serum, urine, tissue | (i) A bit invasive
(ii) Simple, fast, inexpensive
(iii) No needs for sophisticated laboratory equipment | (i) Lack of enough antibody specificity
(ii) Interference with glycation-free adducts |
| Western blotting | Antibodies against different molecules | Any tissues | (i) Economic
(ii) Highly specific | (i) Complex procedure
(ii) Low quantitative
(iii) Accuracy |
|
