Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases

Table 1

Functional and nutrient compositions of barley grains.

Composition	Kernel position		Range	References
β-glucan (%)	Whole grains		2.40~11.00	[21, 29, 39]
Resistant starch (%)	Whole grains		0.2~24.0	[73–75]
Arabinoxylan (%)	Endosperms		0.53~0.90	[55]
	Barley bran		1.97~8.42	[29, 30]
	Grains flour		0.70~2.13	[29, 30]
Polyphenols (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		150.0~300.0	[37, 118]
	Barley bran		376.1~443.5	[30]
	Grains flour		129.9~160.7	[30]
Phenolic acids (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		336.29~453.94	[39]
Total flavones (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		37.93~236.91	[37, 39, 75]
Flavonoids (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		6.20~30.08	[18]
Catechin (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		0.90~4.27	[18, 227]
Quercetin (mg/100 g)	Purple grains		2.00~6.08	[18, 227]
Kaempferol (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		1.27~6.31	[18, 227]
Myricetin (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		0~73.30	[227]
Total alkaloid (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		6.36~44.63	[228]
Total anthocyanin (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		4.9~103.7	[229]
	Barley bran		158~353.4	[54]
	Refined flours		21.0~57.3	[54]
Proanthocyanidin (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		1.58~13.18	[18]
Total tocols (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		0.85~12.49	[21, 66, 70, 71]
Antioxidant activity (%)	Whole grains		24.10~82.00	[37]
GABA (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		0.10~30.67	[75]
Protein %	Whole grains		9.51~20.46	[135]
Folates (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		51.8~103.3	[18, 23]
Phytosterols (mg/100 g)	Whole grains		76.1~115.3	[18]
P (mg/kg)	Whole grains		936~6538	[24]
K (mg/kg)	Whole grains		207~9162	[24]
Ca (mg/kg)	Whole grains		68.4~1150.0	[24]
Mg (mg/kg)	Whole grains		308.4~2164.0	[24]
Fe (mg/kg)	Whole grains		8.8~156.1	[24]
Zn (mg/kg)	Whole grains		9.4~76.2	[24]
Cu (mg/kg)	Whole grains		0.6~68.0	[24]
Mn (mg/kg)	Whole grains		5.8~120.0	[24]
Na (mg/kg)	Whole grains		6.7~611.5	[24]
S (mg/kg)	Whole grains		686.0~2363.5	[24]
ABTS-IR50 (g/L)	Grain alkaline extract polysaccharide		1.74~2.84	[17]
ABTS-TEAC (mg/g)			6.50~10.61	[17]
FRAP (μmol/g)			51.1~131.1	[17]
ORAC (μmol/g)			147.81~652.46	[17]
ABTS-IR50 (g/L)	Grain water extract polysaccharide		7.41~13.43	[17]
ABTS-TEAC (mg/g)			1.37~2.49	[17]
FRAP (μmol/g)			15.80~41.80	[17]
ORAC (μmol/g)			71.49~396.57	[17]

ABTS = 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt; ORAC = oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TEAC = Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; FRAP = Ferric reducing antioxidant power.