Remedying the Mitochondria to Cure Human Diseases by Natural Products

Table 8

Similarities and differences between the mitochondrial mechanisms for natural products regulating different diseases.

Diseases	Major mechanisms	Natural products
Cancer	Energy metabolism obstruction	Rhein [39]
		Gracillin [44]
	Oxidative stress	Bulbine frutescens [37]
		Bullfrog oil [38]
		Orientin [40]
		Asparanin A [42]
		Gracillin [44]
	Apoptosis	Bulbine frutescens [37]
		Orientin [40]
		Licochalcone A [41]
		Asparanin A [42]
		Parameritannin A-2 [43]
		Cernumidine [45]
	Mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance	Bullfrog oil [38]
		Rhein [39]
		Asparanin A [42]
		Cernumidine [45]
Neurodegenerative diseases	Energy metabolism obstruction	Solanum melongena extract [46]
		Ganoderma lucidum [47]
		α-Arbutin [51]
		Auraptene [54]
	Oxidative stress	Solanum melongena extract [46]
		Linalool [48]
		α-Arbutin [51]
		Naringenin [52]
		Apigenin [53]
		Auraptene [54]
	Apoptosis	Ganoderma lucidum [47]
		Cinnamic acid derivatives [49]
		Proanthocyanidins [50]
		Naringenin [52]
		Apigenin [53]
		Naringenin [55]
		Ulmoside A [56]
	Mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance	Ganoderma lucidum [47]
		Linalool [48]
		α-Arbutin [51]
	Mitochondrial fusion, division, and autophagy	Celastrol [57]
Liver diseases	Energy metabolism obstruction	Rooibos tea [58]
		Cimicifuga racemosa extract [59]
		Polygonatum kingianum [61]
		Betaine [63]
		Nicotinamide riboside [64]
		Puerarin [65]
		Punica granatum L. [62]
		Silybin [67]
		Salvianolic acid B [68]
	Oxidative stress	Cimicifuga racemosa extract [59]
		Sipjeondaebo-tang [60]
		Polygonatum kingianum [61]
		Nicotinamide riboside [64]
		Diosgenin [66]
		Silybin [67]
		NecroX-7 [69]
	Apoptosis	Cimicifuga racemosa extract [59]
		Polygonatum kingianum [61]
		Betaine [63]
		Silybin [67]
		Salvianolic acid B [68]
	Mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance	Cimicifuga racemosa extract [59]
		Sipjeondaebo-tang [60]
		Diosgenin [66]
		Salvianolic acid B [68]
		NecroX-7 [69]
	Fatty acid oxidation	Silybin [67]
		NecroX-7 [69]
T2DM	Energy metabolism obstruction	Polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L. [70]
		Korean red ginseng [71]
		Berberine [72]
		Quercetin [73]
		Theaflavins [74]
		Puerarin [76]
	Mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance	Polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L. [70]
		Silibinin [75]
	Apoptosis	Silibinin [75]
	Mitochondrial fusion, division, and autophagy	Korean red ginseng [71]
		Quercetin [73]
		Theaflavins [74]
		Silibinin [75]
		Puerarin [76]
Diabetes complications	Energy metabolism obstruction	QiDiTangShen granules [77]
		Shengmai San [78]
		Water extracts of Liuwei Dihuang [79]
		Salidroside [82]
		Hydroxytyrosol [85]
	Oxidative stress	Water extracts of Liuwei Dihuang [79]
		Anthocyanins [80]
		Ginsenoside Rb1 [84]
		Hydroxytyrosol [85]
	Apoptosis	Anthocyanins [80]
		Orientin [81]
		Astragalus polysaccharides [83]
		Ginsenoside Rb1 [84]
	Mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance	Orientin [81]
		Water extracts of Liuwei Dihuang [79]
	Mitochondrial fusion, division, and autophagy	Orientin [81]
		QiDiTangShen granules [77]
		Salidroside [82]
Obesity	Energy metabolism obstruction	Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract [88]
		Cinnamomum cassia Presl [89]
		Isorhamnetin [91]
		Zeaxanthin [92]
		Berberine [93]
		Purpurin [94]
		Epigallocatechin-3-gallate [95]
		Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth) [90]
	Mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance	Zeaxanthin [92]
		Berberine [93]
		Purpurin [94]
	Mitochondrial fusion, division, and autophagy	Cinnamomum cassia Presl [89]
		Isorhamnetin [91]
		Zeaxanthin [92]
		Epigallocatechin-3-gallate [95]
		Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth) [90]
	Fatty acid metabolism	Green tea [86]
Myocardial injury	Energy metabolism obstruction	Propolis [96]
		Luteoloside [99]
		Eriodictyol [101]
		Dihydromyricetin [102]
		Vitexin [103]
		Apigenin [105]
	Oxidative stress	Capsaicin [97]
		Quercetin [98]
		Luteoloside [99]
		Astragaloside IV [100]
		Eriodictyol [101]
		Dihydromyricetin [102]
		Vitexin [103]
		Honokiol [104]
		Apigenin [105]
	Apoptosis	Capsaicin [97]
		Quercetin [98]
		Luteoloside [99]
		Astragaloside IV [100]
		Eriodictyol [101]
		Dihydromyricetin [102]
		Apigenin [105]
	Mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance	Capsaicin [97]
		Quercetin [98]
		Luteoloside [99]
		Astragaloside IV [100]
		Eriodictyol [101]
		Vitexin [103]
		Honokiol [104]
		Apigenin [105]