Lazaroid—new class of lipophilic steroids Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Vitamin C and E—antioxidant
Vascular dysfunction of the mother Hypertension IUGR
Administration of lazaroid = ↓ risk in offspring. Melatonin solution administration = ↓ risk of oxidative DNA damage (↓ IUGR cases) PUFAs administration = ↑ ROS in oocytes = impaired embryonic development Combined vitamin C and E supplementation = not useful in preventing preeclampsia
Selenium—component of glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes, thioredoxin reductases, and selenoprotein-P Copper and zinc—essential elements of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) Manganese—cofactor for the antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) Vitamin C—antioxidant Vitamin E—antioxidant
Reccurent pregnancy loss (RPL) Postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) Preeclampsia (PE) pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) Prolonged labour Fetal growth restriction (FGR) Embryonic or fetal death Perinatal death Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
In mother’s serum: ↓ selenium concentrations = ↑ risk of RPL Selenium supplementation (women positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies) = ↓risk for PPTD, PE, and PIH Copper itself = acting as a prooxidant, associated in Cu/Zn SOD = acting as an antioxidant Zinc supplementation = ↓ risk of PIH and low birth weights ↓ manganese concentrations = ↑ risk of FGR Vitamin C and E supplementations = no impact on PE and PIH, ↑ risk of fetal loss, perinatal death and PPROM
