Andrographolide Exerts Antihyperglycemic Effect through Strengthening Intestinal Barrier Function and Increasing Microbial Composition of Akkermansia muciniphila

Figure 4

Andrographolide ameliorated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance by enhancing gut barrier integrity. 12 db/db mice were treated daily with vehicle, and 12 db/db mice were treated daily with andrographolide (150 mg/kg per day) or metformin (200 mg/kg per day) for 8 weeks by oral gavage. (a) At the eighth week, glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed. (b) The area under the curve (AUC) of GTT was calculated. (c) Insulin tolerance test was performed at the end of the eighth week. (d) The AUC of ITT was calculated. (e) The serum insulin level and (f) HOMA-IR index were determined. (h) Serum LPS and (i) LBP were determined by the ELISA assay. The relative gene expression of (j) Ocln, (k) ZO-1, (l) Muc2, (m) Tlr2, (n) Cnr1, and (o) Glut2 were determined. Control: db/db mice administered with vehicle; AG: db/db mice administered with 150 mg/kg andrographolide; Met: db/db mice administered with 200 mg/kg metformin. Data represent (), versus the control group.

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