|
| Strain | Gender | D-gal doses | Period of exposure | Age | Aging effects | Ref. |
|
Mice | | | | | | | |
1 | C57BL/6J | Female | 50 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 8 weeks | 5 months | Skin HYP ↑ | [66] |
2 | C57BL/6J | Female | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 8 weeks | 6 weeks | Dermal thickness ↓ Type I collagen fibers ↓ Type III collagen ↓ | [67] |
3 | C57BL/6J | Male | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | Dermal thickness, density ↓ p16 ↑ MDA ↑ SOD ↓ CAT ↓ GSH-Px ↓ | [83] |
4 | Kunming mice | Not reported | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 6 weeks | 22 months | Collagen ↓ Dermal thickness ↓ Collagen fibers are shorter, less compact, and more disordered Type I collagen fibers ↓ Type III collagen fibers ↑ | [68] |
5 | Kunming mice | Male | 400 mg/kg intraperitoneally | 30 days | 8 weeks | Destruction of hair follicles in skin Skin HYP ↓ | [69] |
6 | Kunming mice | Male and female | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 42 days | 6 weeks | SOD ↓ MDA ↑ Skin HYP ↓ Elastin ↓ Skin moisture ↓ Dermal thickness ↓ Collagen ↓ HYP ↓ | [70] |
7 | Kunming mice | Male | 150 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally | 6 weeks | Unknown | Dermal thickness ↓ HYP ↓ | [71] |
8 | Kunming mice | Female | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 42 days | 3 months | MDA ↑ and GSH-Px ↑ HYP ↓ | [72] |
9 | Kunming mice | Female | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 30 days | 8 weeks | CAT ↓ SOD ↓ GPH-Px ↓ HYP ↓ MDA ↑ | [73] |
10 | Kunming mice | Male | 200 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 8 weeks | 6 weeks | H2O2 ↑ MDA ↑ CAT ↓ GSH ↓ GSH-Px ↓ Dermal thickness ↓ Skin integrity and hair follicles were also impaired Collagen ↓ Skin collagen fiber content is reticular, more loose, and irregular | [84] |
11 | Kunming mice | Male | 500 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally | 8 weeks | Unknown | Skin moisture ↓ HYP ↓ Dermal thickness ↓ Collagen ↓ SOD ↓ MDA ↑ CAT ↑ and GSH-Px ↑ p16 ↑ and p21 ↑ Sirtuin1 ↓ and cyclin D1 ↓ | [74] |
12 | Kunming mice | Male | 200 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally | 30 days | Unknown | HYP ↓ | [75] |
13 | Nude mice | Not reported | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 8 weeks | 6 weeks | Skin elasticity ↓ Dermal thickness ↓ SOD ↓ MDA ↑ AGEs ↑ CD31 expression ↓. | [76] |
14 | Nude mice | Male | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 3 weeks | 6 weeks | Collagen ↓ Dermal thickness ↓ | [77] |
15 | Nude mice | Not reported | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 8 weeks | 6 weeks | AGE ↑ SOD ↓ MDA ↑ Dermal thickness ↓ Collagen ↓ | [78] |
16 | BALB/c | Male | 500 mg/kg daily per oral administration | 6 weeks | 12 weeks | Fibroblast count ↓ Collagen ↓ | [86] |
Rats | | | | | | | |
17 | Wistar | Male | 125 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 6 weeks | Unknown | Dermal thickness ↓ Skin moisture-no difference HYP ↓ Collagen type I expression ↓ | [79] |
18 | Wistar | Female | 150 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally | 12 weeks | 170-180 days | Skin moisture ↓ HYP ↓ | [80] |
19 | Wistar | Male | 200 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally | 6 weeks | Unknown | Rats had brittle and less elastic hair Thin, inelastic, and sagged skin is reported | [85] |
20 | Sprague-Dawley | Male | 1000 mg/kg daily subcutaneous injection | 8 weeks | 4-6 weeks | Skin elasticity ↓ | [81] |
21 | Sprague-Dawley | Male and female | 100 mg/kg daily hypodermically injected | 8 weeks | Unknown | CAT ↓ and GSH-Px ↓ MDA ↑ Dermal thickness ↓. | [82] |
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