A Review on Oxidative Stress, Diabetic Complications, and the Roles of Honey Polyphenols

Figure 2

The relationship between rates of oxidant generation, antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and oxidative damage in diabetes. represents various forms of ROS. The overall rate of formation of oxidative products which lead to oxidative tissue damage is dependent on ambient levels of both and substrate. Increased generation of depends on several sources including glucose autoxidation, increased mitochondrial superoxide production, and increased endoplasmic reticulum superoxide production, as well as the result of the receptor for advanced glycosylation end product activation. deactivation is reduced because antioxidant defences are compromised in diabetes. Note that oxidative stress also promotes other hyperglycaemia-induced mechanisms of tissue damage. Additionally, oxidative stress activates protein kinase C (PKC) and accelerates the formation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs).